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Фибоначчи в криптовалюте: Полный гайд по применению уровней для BTC и альткоинов

Максим Анисимов — Fri, 06 Mar 2026 13:15:04 +0000

Fibonacci in Cryptocurrency: A Complete guide to applying levels for BTC and altcoins Максим Анисимов Fri, 03/06/2026 - 22:55

Contents

The Fibonacci system helps identify optimal entry points in a trend, eliminating the dilemma of buying at the peak or waiting for a pullback. The tool shows 3 main retracement levels where the price is highly likely to reverse, allowing you to enter at a favorable price and plan your exit.

The most confusing part of Fibonacci analysis is the subjectivity in choosing swing points.

We will offer a mechanical method that eliminates guesswork and makes level construction objective. You will also learn how to avoid trading traps.

Let's briefly review what the Fibonacci sequence is and why it works.

What is Fibonacci?

Fibonacci is a universal mathematical sequence of numbers (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, etc.), where each subsequent number is the sum of the 2 preceding ones. The system is familiar to many as a spiraling pattern, and you can find it everywhere in nature – from the structure of seashells to the spirals of galaxies.

Leonardo Fibonacci discovered this pattern, and it works not because of "magic," but due to the combination of natural rhythms (impulse and correction waves) and the collective attention of traders, which turns mathematical levels into real physical barriers for price.

How Does Fibonacci Work in Crypto Trading?

In chart analysis, what matters are not the numbers themselves, but the ratios – the proportions obtained by dividing them. The most significant is 0.618, known as the Golden Ratio. – A zone for price reversal.

In addition to the 61.8% level itself, traders highlight 2 areas:

Golden Zone – the area between 0.5 and 0.618. It is considered the zone of highest probability for price reversal after a correction.
Golden Pocket – most often defined as a narrow range between 0.618 and 0.65. In this area, the greatest number of trading orders are concentrated, as millions of traders and algorithms watch these levels simultaneously.

Fibonacci tools (retracement and extension grids) solve 2 problems:

Finding entry points (retracement). When an asset's price makes a sharp move (impulse), it rarely moves in a straight line. Usually a pullback follows. Fibonacci levels predict where this pullback will end, and the price will resume the trend.
Determining targets (extension). Fibonacci helps calculate the levels to which the price may rise in the future, allowing timely profit-taking.

Why Do Fibonacci Levels Work?

Fibonacci numbers work on the principle of a self-fulfilling prophecy. It's not magic. It's mathematics.

Since the global practice of trading education highlights the levels 0.5 and 0.618 as key, a huge number of traders simultaneously place orders and stop-losses exactly at these points.

Fibonacci is a magnet for liquidity!

These points act as a magnet for liquidity. Therefore, large players use these zones to accumulate positions or create traps for retail traders. Whales know that there is a maximum concentration of trading orders. Add to this trading bots that also focus on these levels.

Joint buying or selling actions create real pressure on the market, causing the price to bounce or reverse exactly where Fibonacci predicted.

There are 3 methods in Fibonacci:

Fibonacci retracements – determine the zones where a pullback ends (levels 38.2%, 50%, 61.8%) for entering the trend – acting as support/resistance.
Fibonacci extensions – forecast Take Profit targets after a pullback, beyond the extremes.
and Fibonacci projections – measure the length of a new impulse wave (using 3 points) as 100% + of the previous one.

Retracements carry the main idea: after a strong impulse move, the price returns by a certain percentage before resuming the trend.

So let's understand what Fibonacci retracements are.

What is Fibonacci Retracement?

Price moves in a zigzag: impulses in the direction of the trend are followed by pullbacks. The best moment to enter a trade is when the pullback ends and a new impulse is about to begin.

The Fibonacci grid, drawn from the start to the end of a trend move, shows 3 key price levels where a pullback typically occurs.

Upon reaching these pullback levels, the price is highly likely to reverse and continue the trend. These levels are Fibonacci retracements.

Let's look at the meaning of each level, paying special attention to deep and shallow pullbacks.

How to Read Fibonacci Pullback Levels?

When the price pulls back to the 38.2% level, it indicates a strong trend, as each pullback is seen by traders as an opportunity to enter. But such trends are rare, and trading off it is not recommended. The price more often pulls back to the golden zone (50%–61.8%), which indicates the maturity of the trend.

However, the 50% and 61.8% levels by themselves don't say much, and moreover, they carry traps for traders. It all comes down to a structural understanding of the market.

The basis of analysis is the 3 market states and its structure. Without structure, Fibonacci settings are meaningless!
Structure is the foundation, and Fibonacci is just a measuring tool.

The market exists in only 3 states:

uptrend, impulse
downtrend, impulse
or range (sideways).

In a trend, there are impulses and corrections, while in a range, price moves between support and resistance. Therefore, Fibonacci does not work in a range: it requires a trending environment!

In a sideways market, the 50% and 61.8% levels become traps, the price takes out stops and returns back. That's why most traders lose money in a range.

But the sideways market isn't the only one creating traps.

Why Do Fibonacci Levels Create Traps for Traders?

Since millions of traders enter at these levels 0.5 and 0.618, Fibonacci automatically becomes a trap. The point is that the 61.8% and 50% levels are not reversal points, but liquidity zones. Retail traders are taught to buy or sell at these levels, while institutions use them to hunt small traders.

What's the essence? Price touches the 50% level, retail traders prematurely enter the market, then institutions push the price deeper to the 61.8% level. This final push takes out most stop-losses, and as soon as liquidity is gathered, the real move begins.

Familiar in volatile crypto, isn't it?

At the 61.8% and 50.0% levels, retail traders sell, while institutions buy their positions, then reverse the price upward.

That's why Fibonacci may seem inconsistent; it's not about the levels themselves, but what manipulators do around them.

Understanding that the 50% and 61.8% levels are liquidity magnets allows you to stop trading Fibonacci like a retail trader and start reading it the way institutions use it!

By itself, the 50-61.8% range is not an entry point, but a place where a trap is set. Based on this, add Fibonacci only in a trending market after a structure breakout.

How to Add Fibonacci to a Chart?

In trading platforms, Fibonacci is in the tools menu. Select Fibonacci Retracement. You'll be able to draw the levels on the chart.

Levels are drawn strictly along the impulse move (the strongest candle wave) within the current trend:

In an uptrend – the pullback is measured from the low point of the impulse (Swing Low) to the high point of the impulse (Swing High).
In a downtrend – the pullback is measured from the high point of the impulse (Swing High) to the low point of the impulse (Swing Low).

Important:

Fibonacci only works in a trend (uptrend or downtrend). Using it in a flat market is pointless, as there is no impulse move to measure.
Due to the high volatility of the crypto market, Fibonacci should be drawn from the wick tips, not the candle bodies, to account for real liquidity zones.

If you want to make the grid more professional, you need to make a number of settings:

To clear the chart of noise, disable background fill and price labels for levels below 0.236, and convert values from decimals to percentages.
To increase entry accuracy, add specific levels to the grid: the golden pocket zone (0.65), deep discount levels (0.705, 0.71, 0.79), and the significant retracement level 0.33.
For profit-taking, expand the settings with negative values (-0.27, -0.618) and ratios above one (1.27, 1.618).

As mentioned earlier, many traders struggle with identifying swing points for constructing levels. Let's improve the data obtained from Fibonacci.

How to Improve Fibonacci Data?

To improve Fibonacci data, we use a simple indicator called Fractals. They help identify reversal points, marking them with arrows. There are 2 types of fractals: upper and lower.

An upper fractal forms when a candle's high is higher than the highs of the 2 preceding and 2 following candles, signaling a bearish reversal.
A lower fractal occurs when a candle's low is lower than the lows of the 2 preceding and 2 following candles, signaling a bullish reversal.

To add this indicator on TradingView, click the Indicators button, type Fractals, and select it.

By default, fractals mark all minor reversals, cluttering the chart. Change the period to 5 to highlight only strong points.

Then, in a trending market, draw Fibonacci on the impulse between fractals: in an uptrend – from the lower to the upper, in a downtrend – vice versa. The price often pulls back to the golden zone (0.618) and reverses.

Now that we've covered the basics, it's important to understand the Premium/Discount zones to avoid the risk of buying at the peak of a pullback and not becoming "liquidity" for large players.

Premium and Discount Zones – How to Know If the Price Is Favorable?

The concept of Premium and Discount is based on a simple rule: buy low, sell high. Using premium and discount zones helps avoid entering a trade too early and ensures a better risk-to-reward ratio (R:R).

The golden rule – always look for an entry in the discount zone (for longs) or premium zone (for shorts), preferably where Fibonacci levels form a cluster with other technical confirmations.

Discount Zone (below 0.5): in an uptrend, this is the area of cheap prices. You should look for long entry points only in this zone. Buying above 0.5 (in premium) is risky, as the market often makes a deep pullback to clear liquidity before continuing the rise.
Premium Zone (above 0.5) – in a downtrend, this is the area of expensive prices. You should only sell (short) here, when the price pulls back above the 0.5 level.
The 0.5 level on the Fibonacci grid divides any trading impulse in half and is called Equilibrium.

Completing the full understanding of Fibonacci are clusters. Clusters on the chart form when at least 3–5 Fibonacci levels (e.g., 0.382, 0.618, 0.786) from different grids, drawn on impulses of the main trend and local moves, converge in a narrow price zone up to 0.5–1% of the amplitude wide.

The coincidence of such levels with additional signals – support/resistance levels or EMAs (e.g., 50-period and 200-period) – increases the probability of a price reversal to 70–85% according to backtests on volatile crypto markets.

Professional traders only enter such A+ setups with a risk/reward ratio of at least 1:3, where the confluence of factors minimizes false breakouts. These are advanced Fibonacci strategies, not just a grid.

Advanced Fibonacci Strategies

Let's look at real crypto trading strategies using Fibonacci and its combinations with other indicators and confluence.

It's important not to rely solely on Fibonacci levels in trading, but to flexibly use different strategies depending on the market structure.

Reliable analysis works only on higher timeframes (4H, 1D), as lower intervals are filled with noise.

Strategy 1 – Confluence of Mirror Levels (Swap Zones)

Mirror levels are one of our favorite techniques to add confirmation to any strategy. Essentially, they are support and resistance levels that switch roles after a breakout. When price breaks a support level downward, it becomes resistance, and when it breaks a resistance level upward, it becomes support. A Swap Zone is when a broken support becomes resistance or vice versa.

Combining this concept with Fibonacci retracements can identify trading opportunities. For example, in an uptrend, after a resistance level is broken upward, it turns into support. If the golden zone of the Fibonacci retracement drawn on the impulse move coincides with this support level, we get double confirmation.

When price pulls back to this area, look for an entry point.

Similarly, in a downtrend, after a support level is broken downward, it becomes resistance. If the golden zone coincides with this resistance, expect a price reversal downward when approaching this confirmation area.

Often, price may make a brief spike (poke) above the 0.618 level to gather retail traders' stop-losses, and only then begin the real downward move. Therefore, the most reliable signal is considered to be the candle closing back below the level after such a spike.

Strategy 2 – Confluence with Moving Average

Moving averages can act as dynamic support and resistance levels. In an uptrend, a moving average can act as support, and in a downtrend, as resistance.

For this strategy, we use the 50-period exponential moving average (EMA). In an uptrend, where price trades above the EMA and the EMA itself is pointing upward, expect price to find support at the EMA. If the Fibonacci golden zone coincides with the 50 EMA, we get strong confirmation and look for a buying opportunity near this area.

In a downtrend, where price is below the EMA and the EMA is pointing downward, expect the moving average to act as resistance. If the golden zone coincides with the EMA, look for sell trades on a price pullback to this area.

The strategy is considered highly accurate (A+ setup) if the Fibonacci Golden Zone (0.5–0.618) coincides with the moving average line. At this point, resistance is amplified many times over.

Strategy 3 – Using RSI with Fibonacci

What matters are not standard divergences, but hidden ones. This is when price forms a higher low, while RSI forms a lower low. Such a situation signals a strong trend continuation, if you know how to spot them.

Now overlay the Fibonacci grid: if the pullback lands right in the 0.618 zone, and at the same time RSI shows a hidden divergence – this is a golden signal to enter.

The second factor is the coincidence of the 0.618 level with a previously identified support or resistance zone where price has reversed in the past.
The third filter level is the coincidence of the 0.618 mark with the previous day's high or low, which act as liquidity magnets for large players.

The combination of all 3 factors in one point creates a high-probability zone.

Strategy 4 – Imbalance (Fair Value Gap (FVG))

Imbalance or Fair Value Gap (FVG) is a market inefficiency that occurs during a sharp impulse move.

It is a 3-candle pattern where there is an empty gap between the low of the first candle and the high of the third candle.

The market dislikes inefficiency and tends to return to fill this gap.

The strongest signal occurs when a Fibonacci level (e.g., 71% or 61.8%) coincides with the imbalance zone. Entering at such a point often gives minimal drawdown, as price quickly reacts to filling the FVG and reverses in the trend direction.

The risk here is subjectivity in determining the range boundaries for the Fibonacci grid and the risk of no pullback to the target level in a strong trend.

When price reaches Fibonacci, fills the imbalance (FVG), shows a hidden divergence on RSI, and all this happens at the intersection of a Fibonacci time line – you get a window of maximum probability. But these are not the only strategies.

Strategy 5 – Confluence with Anchored VWAP

Anchored VWAP is a high-precision tool for identifying strong support and resistance areas. It displays VWAP from a selected starting point and, like a moving average, can act as dynamic support or resistance.

In an uptrend, when price falls below AVWAP, buyers often come in, pushing price up.
In a downtrend, when price rises above AVWAP, sellers usually push price down.

By drawing an anchored VWAP from the start of the impulse move and combining it with Fibonacci retracement, you can identify strong trading setups. If the golden zone coincides with AVWAP, this area becomes a strong support or resistance level. When price pulls back to this area, look for entry opportunities.

However, entering a trade simply based on touching the line is risky. A confirming signal is needed, for example:

Engulfing Pattern – the trend candle engulfs the pullback candle
Long wicks – the market rejects the price, ready for a reversal

So let's discuss our entry technique to help realize these opportunities.

What Are the Entry Techniques?

We use engulfing candles as an entry trigger.

Entry Trigger: Engulfing Candles

An engulfing candle is a 2-candle pattern where the second candle completely engulfs the first. This means its high is higher than the previous candle's high, and its low is lower than the previous candle's low.

There are 2 types:

bullish engulfing candle (green), signaling a bullish reversal,
and bearish engulfing candle (red), signaling a bearish reversal.

For example, in an uptrend using anchored VWAP, if price pulls back to the golden zone and forms a bullish engulfing candle, this indicates a potential upward reversal, and we would initiate a buy trade.

In a downtrend using the mirror zone, if price reaches the golden zone and forms a bearish engulfing candle, this signals a downward reversal, and we would enter a sell trade.

Bearish engulfing in the Golden zone is an important entry trigger. This pattern signals that buyers have lost strength and sellers have aggressively taken over.

Risks and How to Reduce Them?

Risk management is a critical aspect of Fibonacci trading. These levels do not guarantee a price reversal in 100% of cases.

1. Which Market Environment to Choose?

Fibonacci tools are best used only in a trending market. In a sideways move, the levels measure noise, not price structure, so the grid should not be drawn!

Avoid trading during major news events – strong economic events often cause sharp spikes that ignore any mathematical levels.

Volume is also important. Trade mainly during periods of high volume. At other times, low liquidity increases the risk of false breakouts.

2. Where to Place Stop-Loss?

Every trade should have a Plan B – a clear stop-loss that limits losses and protects against sudden moves.

Classically, a stop-loss is placed just above or below the 1 (100%) level – the point where the impulse began. If price breaks this level, the correction is considered complete and your idea is invalid.

To reduce risk, you can place a stop-loss outside the Golden zone (38.2–61.8%) or beyond the confirming candle, giving the trade more room to move.

3. Leverage and Position Size

When trading cryptocurrencies and futures, attention should be paid to margin and position size. Pros recommend risking only a small portion of capital per trade – for example, from 0.1% to 1%. This reduces the impact on the deposit during a series of losses.

The liquidation price should always be further away than your stop-loss. For example, if your stop-loss is 10%, 10x leverage would be too aggressive – even a small move against the position could wipe out the entire account.

4. Profit Taking and R:R

Aim to find trades with a profit-to-risk ratio of at least 1:1.5–1:2. On higher timeframes, many traders achieve 1:3 and above.

Part of the position can be closed at the previous high/low (level 0), leaving the remainder as a free trade to run to the Fibonacci extension targets.

After reaching the first take-profit, the stop-loss can be moved to the entry level or to the previous Fibonacci level to ensure at least breakeven and preserve some profit.

5. Risk Filtering and Trading Rules

The simplest way to reduce risk is not to enter blindly at the first touch of the line. Wait for the market's reaction at the Fibonacci level.

Then look for confirming candlestick patterns in the Golden zone – for example, engulfing or long wicks, which show that price is being rejected and a reversal is possible.

Always check signals on higher timeframes:

If you are looking for an entry on the 1-minute (1M) chart, confirm the trend direction on the 15-minute (15M) chart.
For 5-minute trading, use the 30-minute chart to determine the overall context.
For 15-minute trades, look at the 1-hour or 4-hour trend.
When trading on the 1-hour chart, confirmation should come from the daily chart, etc.

If the trend on the higher timeframe is against your trade on the lower timeframe, the probability of failure increases significantly.

It's important to understand that after 2 consecutive losses with a strategy, it's better to stop trading and check if the market has entered a consolidation phase, where Fibonacci levels work less effectively.

Conclusions?

No matter the asset, BTC or ETH or even the stock market – Fibonacci levels always work if the trend is correctly identified and there is confirmation of signals. But unlike stocks, in crypto the 38.2% and 50% retracement levels are often broken, so deeper zones like 61.8% and 78.6% serve as more reliable entry points.

Whales and manipulators in cryptocurrencies deliberately manipulate price, piercing popular levels to gather liquidity and stop-losses of small traders. Therefore, we draw the grid from wick tips, not candle bodies, to account for real liquidity zones.

It's important to understand that Fibonacci is not a holy grail or magic. You can earn for a year, and then lose it all in one moment. Therefore, it's important to use stop-losses.

Fibonacci does not work if not confirmed by higher timeframes or if the trend is weak. The ability to see the market structurally is the real grail.

We have been trading cryptocurrencies since 2018 and have tested hundreds of indicators and strategies. Whether to use Fibonacci or choose another trading system – as always, it's up to you. Happy trading! Your editor – Maxim Anisimov for bytwork.com.

This material is for informational purposes only and is not financial advice.

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Теория степенного закона BTC: Работает ли она и почему обещает BTC за $1 млн

Максим Анисимов — Mon, 15 Dec 2025 14:49:48 +0000

Does the BTC Power-Law model actually work? And why does it pencil in $1 million?

TL;DR:

Bitcoin behaves like a living organism, not a stock. Its price follows power laws, much like the growth of cities, technologies, or trees.
The model accounts for 92% of historical price movements.
The theory also allows for the possibility of Bitcoin reaching $10 million per coin, assuming adoption by only a small fraction of the global population.
However, the model may be overfitted to historical data and overlooks black swan events and speculative dynamics.

Максим Анисимов Mon, 12/15/2025 - 22:15

Contents

Astrophysicist Giovanni Santostasi revealed the law of Bitcoin's price path to $1 million, and his publication from 7 years ago looks frighteningly accurate. Let's fully understand this theory. You'll get a fascinating insight into the fundamentals of how BTC works and a calculator for your own calculations at the end.

According to the Bitcoin Power Law Theory (PLT), the price and metrics of BTC do not follow classical financial models, but obey universal power laws, as in natural phenomena: the growth of cities, technologies, trees, and animals. In other words, BTC is considered an organism because its code has built-in growth drivers.

And this makes its behavior and price significantly more predictable than it seems!

The figure shows a chart of BTC's price growth since its creation. Black shows the price, red – the power law. The coefficient R² = 0.92101 shows that the model explains about 92% of the data variability. A good result.

This theory was developed by Giovanni Santostasi, who holds a PhD in astrophysics. He worked as a neurobiologist at Northwestern University, studying consciousness, intelligence, memory, and the role of sleep. At the same time, the theory does not contradict BTC's price surges and crashes due to market manipulations.

Dr. Santostasi insists that this is the only complete scientific theory of Bitcoin, mathematically confirming its resilience. Let's see if this is true.

How the Bitcoin Power Law Theory works

A power law is a mathematical model of the form y = axⁿ, which describes phenomena where the result becomes the input for the next cycle. This can be clearly seen by plotting the Bitcoin price on a logarithmic scale - it forms a straight line. This is striking because no other asset follows a power law with such precision.

Chart source here.

Such laws are found not in finance, but in nature. For example, the spread of a virus. At an early stage, infected people infect new ones, and the process grows not linearly, but exponentially, until external factors intervene - vaccines, isolation, etc.

From this perspective, Bitcoin resembles the spread of a virus:

The current network power influences future power,
current users bring in new ones,
network growth is a cyclical process, not just accumulation.

Before we continue, calculate for yourself the projected Bitcoin price according to the power law:

Bitcoin Power Law Calculator

Select date:

Days since Genesis Block: 0

0 days 10,000 days

Formula: P = 10^-17 × (Days)^5.83

The calculator estimates the fair price based on the cost of mining one bitcoin and the power law formula. Below we will look at where such a formula comes from.

Now let's look at all 7 points of the theory to understand if it works or to refute it.

Point 1 of the theory - Interest

Satoshi created Bitcoin, and people started mining it on their laptops, while others invested in it out of curiosity. Over time, interest grew, and people began to participate more seriously in discussions and trading.

The figure shows the projected action of this theory until 2040.

Point 2: Price and Users

The second point states that the price of Bitcoin, and in general the value of the network itself, began to increase in proportion to the square of the number of users. This empirical observation is based on a power law between price and the number of addresses, which serves as an approximate indicator of the number of network users, and it confirms a theoretical result known as Metcalfe's Law.

Red line: as the number of users (active addresses) grows, so does the price.

Satoshi probably didn't think about power laws when creating Bitcoin, but he definitely created ingenious mechanisms that ensure the system's stability through mining and difficulty adjustment.

Mining and Difficulty Adjustment Mechanism

The system is balanced. The difficulty adjustment automatically regulates mining difficulty so that 2016 blocks are mined in approximately 2 weeks (10 minutes per block). If blocks are found faster due to increased network power, difficulty increases; if slower, it decreases.

Power laws arise here from feedback loops: price rises, attracts miners, hashrate increases quadratically, and the mechanism balances everything.

Point 3: Inflow of Resources

The growth of Bitcoin's price following the increase in its user base attracted more resources, particularly mining power and capabilities.

People create increasingly advanced and larger mining farms, competing for their share of coins.

Point 4: Compensation Mechanism

In some analyses of this theory, the dependence of other quantities is additionally considered. For example, hashrate or network value. According to the model, these metrics demonstrate a quadratic dependence on price (exponent P^2).

Simply put, if the price doubles, the corresponding metric (e.g., network power) grows approximately fourfold.

Yellow line – price, orange – mining difficulty, blue - network power.

This simplified calculation and logical reasoning are confirmed by the empirical observation of a power law where P^2 is proportional to hashrate in Bitcoin data.

Point 5: Security Growth

The increase in hashrate improved the system's security, and this attracted more users worldwide. Some might say that most people buy Bitcoin not for security, but indirectly it is true, because if the system were not secure, huge amounts of capital would not be invested in it.

Thus, the security of the system directly or indirectly attracted more users.

Point 6: Technology Adoption Growth

The number of Bitcoin users grows in proportion to the cube of time. This is a new discovery of this theory. Most Bitcoin adoption models refer to S-curves typical for the adoption of many technologies, such as televisions, refrigerators, cars, and cell phones; however, Bitcoin does not follow an initially exponential S-curve.

Instead, it follows a power law of the cube of time. It turns out that many phenomena based on an S-curve adoption mechanism actually become power laws if there is some limiting mechanism present.

In the case of Bitcoin, this mechanism is served by both difficulty adjustment and the risk inherent in any investment, so empirically one can observe that Bitcoin adoption growth obeys a power law of the cube of time.

Point 7: Interrelation of the 7 Laws

The seventh and final point of the Theory states that the power law growth of Bitcoin adoption, combined with its other power laws (addresses, price, and network power) are interrelated into a single cause-and-effect picture. Establishing this cause-and-effect relationship allows us to claim that PLT is a full-fledged Theory, not just a model.

On the other hand, a theory is not yet a law, it's just a theory. It's time to look for its flaws.

Criticism of the theory

It is quite possible that Santostasi's work is not a scientific law, but rather a manipulation of historical data. Santostasi merely straightens the curve – it's simple mathematics. One could also call it chart manipulation.

Criticism	Essence of the criticism
Data Manipulation	The author (Santostasi) straightens the curve by fitting numbers and changes parameters for future cycles. Even after that, the model line does not exactly match the data.
Ignores Many Factors	The model only considers price and time, ignoring demand, supply, economic variables, and black swan events.
Relies Only on BTC History	The model extrapolates the past into the future, which is hypothetical and may not account for real future events.
Exaggerated Status	The term 'theory' is more appropriate than 'law', as the latter exaggerates the model's accuracy for a complex system.
Speculative Nature of the Market	Growth may be more driven by speculation (a zero-sum game) rather than real technology adoption, which the model does not account for.

Moreover, the author of the theory, Santostasi, probably just earns money from this. He monetizes his popularity by speaking at numerous podcasts, conferences, and platforms.

On the other hand, the double logarithmic scale chart of Bitcoin still shows a straight line. This means that Bitcoin does not need to be adopted by the majority to reach a high price but will continue to grow, following its scaling-cyclic path.

Forecasts according to the model

According to PLT, Bitcoin could reach $1 million around 2033. This is also confirmed by a calculation showing that Bitcoin will increase its value by 10.63 times in 8 years (i.e., by the time it turns 24 years old),. This corresponds to approximately $1 million.

Santostasi also claims that only a small part of humanity is enough to push Bitcoin's price to $10 million.

Forecast of $13 million by 2045

Although this is not a direct forecast by Santostasi, he mentions that the average scenario presented at a conference predicted $13 million by 2045. Santostasi's own calculation for 2045 gives about $4.5 million.

Forecast for the end of 2026 (cycle bottom)

After the peak in 2025, a correction is expected, which will last about a year, and by the end of 2026, the price will return to the support line at around $65,000.

Read: History of Bitcoin cycles and 4-year growth charts

What about bubbles?

Bubbles are deviations on the price chart from the average trend in the form of the power law's straight line. The theory explains their behavior through self-correcting mechanisms that distinguish Bitcoin from purely speculative assets.

Bitcoin has anti-bubble mechanisms: the price always returns to the line of fair value, regardless of growth cycles or crashes. A crash occurs when the price rises too fast compared to hashrate, because mining infrastructure cannot be scaled instantly, and the system corrects itself.

Bubbles arise from fear of missing out, not from fundamental adoption: the address growth model hardly reproduces them.

Bubbles form regular 4-year cycles: one year of growth to a peak, one year of correction to the support line, and 2 years of consolidation around it. The exponential rise is compensated by a fall, and fluctuations around fair value almost balance each other out.

Historical verification of the theory's calculations

Calculations show that the formula predicts the price very accurately. For example, substituting 6009 days, the formula gave a result of $17,250, and this was almost exactly the market price.

When calculating how long it took Bitcoin to reach $1, the formula predicted 880 days, while in reality it took 915 days. This is a discrepancy of only a few weeks.

How to calculate Bitcoin's growth yourself?

Santostasi offers a simple formula for calculating Bitcoin's fair price based on its age.

3 steps for calculation:

Determine Time (Days)
Count the days since January 3, 2009.
Power Law Formula
P = 10^-17 × (Days)^5.83
- 10^-17 – to get a price ~0 on the first day.
- Exponent 5.83 – reflects nonlinearity.
Calculation
Substitute the days into the formula (calculator or browser). The result is the fair price according to PLT.

Calculating the future price can be done by simply extrapolating the current growth. For example, doubling Bitcoin's age (from 16 to 24 years) should lead to an approximately 10.63x increase in price. This essentially corresponds to the $1 million forecast.

Dr. Santostasi compares the BTC phenomenon to physics:

"From the perspective of the power law, time for Bitcoin slows down as it grows."

This means that Bitcoin does not need to radically change its behavior to reach the next orders of magnitude. It simply continues doing what it has been doing since the very beginning.

Historical facts about growth

Bitcoin is the fastest-growing asset in human history. In 15 years, it has grown approximately 100 million times since the first transactions.

Bitcoin's growth surpasses any other asset, including Amazon, Apple, Microsoft, and Nvidia, and they are not even in the same order of magnitude!

The theory includes a strong support line that Bitcoin's price almost never crosses. This support line is a physical limit determined by the cost of mining.

According to a CoinShares report, the average cost of mining one bitcoin is ~$55,950, and including non-cash expenses (depreciation, employees) it reached ~$106,000. Mining remains profitable at a Bitcoin price of $100,000.

Conclusions

This is a theory, not investment advice or a prophecy.
The Bitcoin Power Law is one of the most coherent and elegant models explaining:

why BTC doesn't grow like a stock,
why bubbles repeat,
why the price can be predicted,
and why all of this is not randomness, but a system.

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Прогноз курса XLM Stellar до 2030 года. Что будет с криптовалютой? Стоит ли инвестировать?

Антон Састрпцин — Fri, 21 Jan 2022 12:13:27 +0000

XLM Stellar Price Prediction to 2030. What's next for the cryptocurrency? Is it worth investing in? Антон Састрпцин Fri, 10/24/2025 - 17:57

Contents

In this article, we've compiled opinions from experts, analysts, exchanges, and companies on the future price of the Stellar (XLM) cryptocurrency.

Stellar provides borderless transfers, asset tokenization, and DeFi solutions for developers, institutions, and innovators worldwide.

This coin is among the top 20 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization!

This article is not financial advice! It's up to you to decide what to do with your finances and XLM.

XLM price forecast from 2025 to 2030

We are a team of experts who have been engaged in trading, mining and development in the world of blockchain since 2016, and we have our own vision of the future of the Stellar coin (XLM) based on historical snapshots, our experience and technical analysis.:

Year	Approximate minimum $	Approximate maximum $	Comment
2025	0.22$	0.8	The bull market has begun. Cryptocurrency prices are expected to rise by the end of the year.
2026	0.3	1.4$	The end of the bull market is expected, followed by a reversal. A bear market is expected by mid-year.
2027	0.2	0.8	The bear market is intensifying. With a stable ecosystem and favorable market conditions, major leaps are possible.
2028	0.7	1.3	Thaw. The Bitcoin halving is approaching. Stellar, as an established project with real use cases, will attract the attention of new investors. However, as history shows, growth (thaw) will be expected towards the end of the year, that is, after the halving!
2029	1	2.2	With a strong altcoin bull market and growing demand for infrastructure tokens, the bull market has begun!
2030	2	2.8	The end of the bull market. A phase of maturity and stabilization. However, we don't expect huge growth in this bull cycle, as competition from other, more powerful projects, such as XRP and others, will take up most of the market share!

As you can see, the project will have its ups and downs. Cryptocurrency can't just go up; it's always like a roller coaster (sometimes up, sometimes down, sometimes stagnating).

And this has always been the case:

We don't think XLM will experience extreme growth. It's an established cryptocurrency with very strong competitors, which will also be trying to grab a piece of the pie!

However, we believe that the cryptocurrency's growth, while not particularly dramatic, is not sluggish, as the project is not a sham and actually offers useful features!

XLM Price Prediction 2025-2030: What Exchanges and Companies Are Saying

In reality, few companies and exchanges have commented on the future of the XLM cryptocurrency. However, we have collected everything that is available on the Internet:

Exchange / Company	Forecast	Forecast year	Comment
Kraken	Projected to grow at ~5% per year (linear growth each year)	until 2035	Kraken expects the price to grow linearly by 5% per year.
CEX.IO	Average price over 8 years ~$0,63	This is the average price until 2030.	Their forecast indicates that the price will be between $0.2 and $1.2 by 2029.
Benzinga	Bear market	2030	2030 Forecast: $0.971 (Bearish), $1.03 (Average), $1.09 (Bullish)
CoinBird	Optimistic scenario	2025, 2026, 2030	2025: Average ~$0.57, Optimistic up to $0.83 / 2030: Average ~$2.59, Optimistic up to $4.65
CoinPriceForecast	More restrained growth	until 2030	2025 end ~$0.40, mid 2026 ~$0.58, then stabilization to ~$0.48 by 2030
Cryptonews	Moderate growth by 2030	2025, 2030	2025 Forecast: ~$0.38 (range $0.34-$0.42) 2030 Forecast: ~$1.18 (range $0.69-$1.89)
OKX	A very optimistic scenario	2025 - 2030	2025: Avg ~$0.97, Max ~$1.29 / 2030: Avg ~$4.60, Max ~$6.19

Very few major companies and exchanges have issued forecasts.

But even based on this data, we see that growth, albeit modest, is generally expected!

Yes, there have been news outlets (but we didn't include them) that believe the XLM price will reach $10 by 2030, but they haven't provided any confirmation.

And overall, for such a cryptocurrency, a $10 price is a very high price, almost unattainable, at least based on its market capitalization in recent years!

Opinion of Analysts and experts: XLM Stellar price forecast

Now let's look at what global experts/bloggers have written about the future price of XLM:

Blogger / Expert Analyst	Forecast	Comment
Coin Bureau (YouTube)	Cautiously optimistic. Notes high potential. Considers 2025-2027 key for growth.	XLM's success depends entirely on the Soroban smart contract ecosystem's ability to attract developers and create in-demand applications. Notes that Stellar lags far behind other ecosystems in terms of the number of dApps.
Ben Armstrong (YouTube)	Bullish. Includes XLM in lists of "top coins" for the bull market. Predicts it will reach $3-5 by 2030.	He believes that XLM is significantly undervalued compared to its competitors. He believes that with the advent of Soroban smart contracts, the coin could experience strong growth.
Analysts with TradingView (CryptoMichNL, TradingShot)	Mixed. Forecasts range from $0.80 to $2.00+ by the end of 2026 based on chart models.	Long-term consolidation: Many point out that XLM has been trading in a wide range for years and is preparing to break out. Critical levels: Key resistance levels (e.g., $0.35, $0.65) are identified; breaking these will pave the way for significant growth.
Analysts (Twitter / X)	The range of forecasts is extremely wide: from complete extinction to $10+.	Various comments.

Likewise, most bloggers and analysts believe the coin will rise. However, not everyone believes in strong growth.

XLM Cryptocurrency Forecast to 2030: ChatGPT's Opinion

Now let's take a look at the analytics compiled by the artificial intelligence (from ChatGPT). We'll also answer the main question: can we trust it in such matters?

ChatGPT's opinion:

Year	Average exchange rate (USD)	Possible range $	Comment
2025	0,30 - 0,45	0,25 - 0,60	Growth is expected with increased adoption of the project, but competition, regulation and market cycles may constrain it.
2026	0,50 - 0,80	0,40 - 1,10	If the project strengthens its position in cross-border transfers, it may attract institutional investors.
2027	0,70 - 1,20	0,50 - 1,50+	Network growth and integration with DeFi/RWA tokens could boost demand
2028	1,00 - 1,60	0,70 - 2,00	Given favorable market conditions and technological progress, large leaps are possible.
2029	1,20 - 2,00	0,80 - 2,50	Strengthening perception of XLM as an infrastructure asset could spur growth
2030	1,50 - 2,50	1,00 - 3,50	In the best-case scenario, an “alternative infrastructure” asset with high demand

Unfortunately, GPT only shows linear growth, and as we know, bearish cycles/collapses are inevitable in cryptocurrency, as well as in the stock market. However, GPT only shows linear growth.

This forecast shouldn't be trusted, although it's not entirely dire, as we're seeing moderate growth here. There are no exorbitant figures.

XLM Cryptocurrency Price Prediction 2030: Deepseek's Opinion

Now let's see what forecast Deepseek made:

Year	Forecast (average price)	Comment
2025	$0.18 - $0.35	Recovery and consolidation phase. The cryptocurrency market is expected to exit the bear market. Growth will depend on overall market sentiment.
2026	$0.30 - $0.55	Technological growth phase. By this time, the Soroban ecosystem should be fully developed and attract developers.
2027	$0.45 - $0.85	Mass Adoption Phase: Stellar may begin receiving contracts from major financial institutions and governments
2028	$0.65 - $1.20	BTC halving is approaching. The entire market will be preparing for the Bitcoin halving. Stellar, as an established project with real use cases, will attract significant investor attention.
2029	$0.90 - $1.80	The peak of a new market cycle. Amid the halving and general market hype, XLM could reach new all-time highs.
2030	$1.20 - $2.50+	Maturity and Stabilization Phase. If Stellar realizes its potential and establishes itself as a key infrastructure for global finance and remittances, the price could stabilize at high levels.

Unfortunately, Deepseek also shows only a linear growth rate, without rebounds, which is implausible.

However, like GPT, it doesn't show any significant increases, but rather a fairly steady growth, which is more likely true.

However, AI forecasts cannot be completely trusted.

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Bitcoin ETF - полный разбор: что это, Зачем Нужно и какая Доходность за 3,6 мес и 3 года

Павел Грачев — Mon, 12 Apr 2021 21:57:26 +0000

Bitcoin ETF - a complete breakdown of what it is, why you might need it and its returns over 3M, 6M and 3Y

TL;DR:

A Bitcoin ETF is an exchange-traded fund that tracks the price of Bitcoin and trades like regular stocks on the stock market.
There are spot ETFs (based on actual Bitcoin) and futures ETFs (based on futures contracts).
The advantages are security (no risk of crypto wallet hacking or loss of keys).
The disadvantage is that you don't actually own the Bitcoin; it belongs to the fund.

Павел Грачев Wed, 10/08/2025 - 15:47

Contents

What is an ETF?

ETF stands for exchange-traded fund. It's an asset that can be freely bought or sold on the stock market, just like shares of Apple or Tesla.

An ETF works quite similarly to a company's stock. The difference is that instead of representing a stake in a business, an ETF share represents a stake in a fund that holds assets such as stocks, commodities, or, in this case, cryptocurrencies.

A Bitcoin ETF follows the same model and lets you profit from changes in the Bitcoin price without buying the actual coin on a crypto exchange. You simply buy a share of the fund through your regular brokerage account.

Technical aspects of storing bitcoin - crypto wallets, Bitcoin addresses and private keys-intimidate newcomers and put some investors off. An ETF removes that friction and makes entry simple and familiar.

Below you will learn about the drawbacks and advantages of ETFs, how they function and why they matter for the crypto market.

How much can an ETF deliver?

BlackRock’s iShares Bitcoin Trust ETF (IBIT) became the most profitable exchange-traded fund by assets under management, outperforming products that had been generating returns for more than two decades.

The fund delivered 33.82 % annualized.

That is respectable, yet Bitcoin’s price history shows the asset is capable of moves far larger, for example 1 000 %. Study the price chart and Bitcoin’s origin story to understand how the network behaves.

You can also read an analysis of Bitcoin cycles to learn how to “catch the tail” of the next move.

Regional rules matter too.

In the United States you can buy Bitcoin ETFs that track the spot price (BlackRock, Fidelity and others).
In Europe regulatory limits keep spot Bitcoin ETFs off the market, so investors use Bitcoin ETNs-debt instruments backed by the asset.

According to JustETF, returns vary across products.

Despite short-term noise, every listed ETP has posted exceptional long-term performance.

Below you can check the live market chart.

Why does a Bitcoin ETF exist?

So why don’t investors just buy Bitcoin directly? A Bitcoin ETF removes the learning curve of wallets, security and custody, giving everyday investors seamless exposure through traditional brokerage accounts.

Advantages

Regulation. Oversight by financial authorities lowers counter-party risk.
Beginner friendly. Buying shares feels identical to buying Apple or Nike; no need to master seed phrases or on-chain fees.
Fund bears the risk. If the custodian is hacked, the legal entity-not you-must make investors whole.

Yet the wrapper has its own costs.

Drawbacks

If you do not purchase the asset itself, technically you do not own it. As the saying goes, not your keys, not your coins. In an ETF the underlying bitcoin belongs to the fund, not to you.

Other ETF disadvantages include

High fund fees - you pay intermediaries for convenience.
Closure risk - an unpopular fund can be liquidated.
No DeFi utility - you cannot stake, lend or otherwise deploy the coins in DeFi.
The ETF may not track Bitcoin’s price perfectly because of liquidity gaps, roll costs or timing mismatches.
Trading hours are shorter than the 24/7 crypto market, a pain for active traders.

Choosing between real Bitcoin and a Bitcoin ETF comes down to how much control you want and how you plan to use the asset. Research both paths before you decide.

How does a Bitcoin ETF work?

A firm creates the ETF, buys actual Bitcoin, stores it with a custodian and lists the shares on a traditional stock exchange. You trade those shares exactly like any other stock.

The fund can hold physical bitcoin or derivatives linked to its price, giving rise to two types-spot and futures ETFs.

What is a spot ETF?

A spot ETF means every share is backed by real bitcoin sitting on the blockchain. Large market participants create new shares by delivering the underlying coins, generating genuine demand.

What is a futures ETF?

A futures ETF holds contracts that bet on the future price of Bitcoin rather than the asset itself. This can produce higher volatility and deviation from spot prices.

Bitcoin ETFs also open new trading tactics such as short selling, letting investors bet against the price of Bitcoin.

How are crypto ETFs different from traditional ones?

Key distinctions exist between Bitcoin ETFs and conventional equity ETFs.

First, some ETFs that track the S&P 500 hold dividend-paying stocks. When Tesla pays a dividend, ETF shareholders receive a slice. Bitcoin is decentralised and pays no dividends, so a Bitcoin ETF will not either.

Second, like any ETF you pay an expense ratio, but with a Bitcoin ETF part of that fee covers the custody and security of the underlying coins.

Why are ETFs important for the market?

The entry of crypto ETFs into new markets, such as the opening of the market in Italy, is the result of many years of work (since 2018-2019), and Bitcoin's integration into the traditional financial system increases its dependence on macroeconomic factors such as interest rates and changing investment narratives.

Bitcoin ETFs are growing rapidly. In March 2026, record daily Bitcoin ETF trading volumes were recorded: the peak was $31.6 billion on March 2, while a net outflow of $90 million on March 19, primarily from BlackRock IBIT and Fidelity FBTC.

This is not financial advice. The article on Bytwork is for informational purposes only.

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DefiLlama: Список всех протоколов и проектов для заработка - гайд

Максим Анисимов — Fri, 03 Oct 2025 09:15:05 +0000

DefiLlama guide: 6K+ Protocols, 464 Chains, 19K Pools for earning Максим Анисимов Fri, 10/03/2025 - 14:37

Table of contents

You will learn how to stay ahead of the market by independently finding DeFi projects where you can profitably provide liquidity, farm yield, and select profitable staking for your assets in the networks you need.

By the end of this article, you will know exactly how to maximize passive income and outperform the market using DefiLlama.

What is DefiLlama

DefiLlama is a kind of encyclopedia, showing liquidity, fees, revenue, and transaction volumes across thousands of protocols. In this sense, DefiLlama is like a crystal ball, displaying the best yields across the entire DeFi space in real-time.

The aggregator updates every minute and is also used to track the total value locked across different blockchains and protocols. This is called Total Value Locked, or TVL.

The DeFi Market Overview tab.

It's a kind of DeFi market weather board, and to understand it, you need to know the key metrics.

Key Metrics TVL, Chains, and Protocols

TVL

The main indicator on the site is the Total Value Locked, TVL. Each protocol also displays its own TVL.

Higher TVL generally indicates a more reliable protocol.

Protocol Rankings

Scroll down the page – here you will find all protocols, sorted by TVL, meaning by the market value of assets locked within them.

In the aggregator's interface, the protocols list will always be at the bottom, regardless of the filters selected!

It's important to remember that if a protocol is dominated by, for example, Ethereum, a change in TVL might not reflect an inflow or outflow of liquidity, but simply the price fluctuation of the native token.

Each protocol belongs to a specific category, and we recommend familiarizing yourself with these categories in more detail below.

Chains ETH, SOL, BTC, Tron, etc.

DefiLlama ranks chains by TVL size. You can quickly switch between chains at the top

The separate Chains tab clearly displays the networks in a pie chart with dynamics on the right.

The tab with all chains.

Below the chart is a detailed list of chains with the number of protocols, TVL, and changes. Here you can see that the leaders are ETH and Solana.

How to choose a chain?

Each chain is like a city district – some are noisy, some are quiet. In this regard, choosing a blockchain is similar to choosing a location to open a business. Select a chain and protocol based on your tasks and goals. For example, if you need low fees, Solana is a good place. SUI and APTOS are suitable if you're looking for high transaction speed and modern architecture.

Here you can also see how funds are moving between blockchains. If you need to know which network attracted the most TVL in the last month, you can view and filter out small projects with a couple million dollars.

The comparison tool will also help you choose a chain and protocol.

Comparing Protocols and Chains

To compare chains or protocols, simply enter the word compare in the Search field and select the desired chains or protocols.

The chain comparison tab.

For example, ETH's TVL is decreasing, while Solana's is growing. By comparing different chains, you see the dynamics, which allows you to better select protocols.

You can also compare protocols themselves. You can plot the TVL and compare daily, 7-day, and 30-day changes. In the example, we compared the protocols Aave, Lido, EigenLayer, Ethena USDe, Binance staked ETH, and WBTC.

Explore the Compare Protocols tab.

Now let's look at specific protocol lists.

Yield Farming

Yield farming is where high percentages live. And DefiLlama's yield rankings are a gold mine if you know how to configure filters and find protocol lists.

The Yields: All Pools tab shows all available liquidity pools.

You can specify a particular pair, for example, WBTC/USDC, and set a TVL filter from $500k, then sort by APY.

Click on the Search for a token to filter by field, switch to Pairs, and sequentially enter the tokens you are interested in. For example, WBTC and USDC.

We will also specify a TVL range from $500k to filter out scam protocols.

After applying the filter and sorting by APY, we conveniently see the specific pool, protocol, TVL, APY, the chain where this pool farms, as well as fees.

It's important to distinguish between Base APY – rewards from the pool itself – and Reward APY – additional tokens distributed on top.

If these tokens are not locked and can be sold quickly, the proceeds can be reinvested into more reliable assets.

However, high percentages are not always safe, so be sure to check the TVL, audits, and history of the protocol. More on that below.

Experienced investors also search for protocols through attributes. First, they select a chain – Ethereum, Arbitrum, Solana – and keep one or several to reduce noise.

Then they open the Category filter and specify stablecoins, pools without impermanent loss, or potential airdrops.

Next, look at the TVL, as high values often indicate reliability. Never chase insane APY on dead blockchains, as high returns always come with the high risk of unsafe protocols!

Checking Protocol Security

To minimize risks, it's important to regularly check the Hacks tab. It publishes fresh data on hacked protocols, loss amounts, and incident dates.

The Hacks tab.

If you open a specific protocol, its hack history will also be shown at the bottom.

You should also pay attention to smart contract audits. Having an audit is not a guarantee of complete cybersecurity, but it is an important signal that the protocol's code has been reviewed by third-party specialists.

To filter lists of protocols with audits, click Attributes and select Audited.

However, as practice shows, even audited protocols can be hacked if the audit was superficial or did not cover all vulnerabilities.

Let's consider other protocols.

Earning on DEX and Liquidity

Decentralized exchanges allow you to swap crypto directly between users, and DefiLlama tracks DEX volumes.

List of DEX protocols.

Uniswap leads, gathering $106 billion daily. Clicking on this protocol, we see its yield. This includes the average 30-day yield and a chart. APY is the annual percentage yield, meaning what you would earn over a year.

On Uniswap, you can get about 10% annual yield just by depositing BTC into a pool.

Earnings come from providing liquidity. Imagine you are lending your crypto so that trades on these DEXs can happen. Simply put, you give your funds to the exchange, and it pays you interest.

Stablecoins as a Comfort Zone

If you select the Stablecoins attribute, you will find pools with stablecoins – it's like savings accounts in banks.

It's best to set a filter for TVL from $1,000,000 and APY from 10% to 40%.

The tab with stablecoin pools.

High percentages are tempting, but remember, you shouldn't buy unknown tokens just for high yield – it's better to use assets you already have in your portfolio. Or more or less verified ones like USDC and USDT.

Additional Tools

DefiLlama offers a whole range of metrics. Let's look at the most useful ones.

Airdrops

Here you can find recent projects without their own token that, in DefiLlama's opinion, might conduct a token distribution.

The Airdrops tab.

The main filter is the presence of TVL. The higher it is, the lower the risk of encountering a scam.

Treasuries

The Treasuries tab shows which assets and in what volume decentralized protocols hold. This indirectly helps assess bankruptcy risks.

The Treasuries tab

You can click on a protocol and see the token distribution, for example, for AAVE or Lido Finance.

LlamaSwap

The Tools tab contains a built-in swap aggregator LlamaSwap. Often, swapping here turns out to be more profitable than on other aggregators because the service itself finds the best swap route.

By connecting your wallet and selecting a network, you can set the acceptable slippage (Slippage) and get a route that considers the exchange rate and fees from third-party protocols.

Crypto ETFs

DefiLlama also shows Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs. These are big money funds buying cryptocurrency and pushing prices up.

The ETF tab.

In other words, ETFs reflect market dynamics as an indicator of market maturity and the inflow of institutional capital.

Correlation Matrix

The Correlations Matrix tool shows how the prices of two tokens move relative to each other. This is useful for making informed decisions about which assets to combine in a liquidity pool based on the current market situation.

The Correlations Matrix tab.

By selecting tokens, you can look at correlations to maximize fee earnings and minimize impermanent loss.

Raises

The Raises tab shows which projects have received investments and which venture funds participated.

The Raises tab.

This helps in finding fresh and invested projects that you can study and participate in during early stages, anticipating potential rewards.

Bridges

This tab aggregates various bridges and shows which networks they work with.

The Bridges tab

This is convenient for quickly searching and selecting bridges between blockchains.

Revenue

Here you can see the monetization models of protocols.

The Revenue tab

For example, Tether generates daily revenue by investing USDT reserves in US Treasury bills.
PancakeSwap earns from trading fees, sharing 50% with users.

Risks, Vulnerabilities

DefiLlama only aggregates raw data from the blockchain, while contract verification, token economics, and off-chain facts you must check yourself. Otherwise, the risk of financial loss increases many times over.

For instance, in Q3 2025, $434 million was lost due to exploits and fraud in DeFi and CeFi, primarily because of access control vulnerabilities and phishing.

Let's consider the most common risks and shortcomings in the table below.

Protocol Risks
Risk/Shortcoming	What is the danger?
Yield (APY)	High APY is often achieved through the emission of new tokens, leading to their rapid devaluation. Real profit might turn out to be insignificant.
Protocol Security	It does not conduct real-time risk assessment. You might enter a vulnerable or fraudulent pool.
Lack of Depth	Does not display liquidity depth (spreads). High TVL can be deceptive due to one large deposit or speculative farming.
No Off-Chain Metrics	Lacks key protocol health metrics – number of active users, income, and revenue. TVL without them is a weak indicator.
Complex for Beginners	An abundance of complex data without explanations can lead to misinterpretation and ineffective investment decisions.
Does Not Account for Dynamics	Shows only instantaneous rates, not accounting for future token volatility, lock-ups, or penalties for early exit.

From the risks, it's clear that all figures are taken from smart contracts, but after you enter, the real APY can drop due to an increase in TVL or the end of token emissions, so high rates often turn out to be a mirage of the first hours.

Therefore, it is extremely important to consider all criteria for selecting protocols.

Conclusions

In DeFi, money doesn't just sit idle but works and brings rewards, however, it's important to consider the risks.

If you apply DefiLlama filters by TVL, asset type, and chain, you can quickly cut through the noise and focus on protocols that have already proven themselves as sustainable. This helps reduce the risk of falling for a scam or entering a low-liquidity pool.

Disclaimer – The information provided in this article should not be considered financial advice! This article was created for educational purposes only. Never invest more than you can afford to lose, and seek advice only from your personal financial advisor.

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Как обновить прошивку Ellipal Titan 2.0 и Ellipal Mini

Максим Анисимов — Tue, 27 May 2025 11:34:43 +0000

Guide to Updating the Firmware for Ellipal Titan 2.0 and Ellipal Mini Wallets Максим Анисимов Tue, 05/27/2025 - 14:55

Contents

The Ellipal firmware update enhances security (fixes vulnerabilities), adds support for new cryptocurrencies and tokens, and optimizes the interface and operational stability.

Before performing any update, always make sure you have a backup of your seed phrase. If the update process is interrupted or the device fails, without the seed phrase it will be impossible to restore access to your funds!

Step 1 – Prepare the microSD Card

To update your wallet, first prepare an empty microSD card. Most often, this card comes included with the device.

Connect the SD card to your PC and make sure it is formatted as FAT32 for the update to work correctly. To do this, right-click the card → Properties → File system.

Format the card if it is not in FAT32. Right-click the card → Format → File system: FAT32 → Start.

Step 2 – Download the Firmware

Go to the official Ellipal website and locate the Firmware Update section at the top of the page.

On the update page, select your device model.

Scroll down to the guide and click Download. Save the file to the SD card.

Attention: do not rename or extract the downloaded file. Copy the file in its original format so that it is the only file on the memory card.

Step 3 – Insert the Card into the Wallet

Ellipal uses a special adapter with a slot for the microSD. Inside the adapter is a microcontroller that mounts the memory card and passes its contents to the wallet itself. The correct operation of this chain determines the success of the update.

The update process is identical for both Titan and MINI. For Titan 2.0, a dock station with a microSD slot is used. For Mini, a simple adapter is used.

For Titan MINI:

For Ellipal Titan 2.0:

A blue light on the indicator means that the card has been successfully recognized and is ready for reading. A green light means that the card is NOT mounted and the update is not possible.

Sometimes the LED never turns blue and stays green the entire time. In this case, based on experience, the solution is as follows. Completely power off the adapter for at least 1 second (ideally 5 minutes to fully discharge the microcontroller). Then power it back on, and the LED should immediately blink blue.

It is important that if the blue indicator does not light up or you see the Examination Failed error, you should not simply reboot the wallet—it is necessary to disconnect and reconnect the adapter to the power source. This will reboot the microcontroller and allow it to mount the SD card.

Step 4 – Start the Update

Next, turn on the wallet and go to the menu Settings → Update.

If the SD card is recognized correctly, the device will display the firmware file name and the current version.

Tap Start Update and a progress bar will appear, copying and installing the firmware.

The update may take up to 5–10 minutes. Do not disconnect the power or remove the wallet from the adapter during this time. Upon successful completion, a message will appear: Updated successfully.

Congratulations. You have successfully updated the firmware and can now use your wallet.

In the guide on the mobile app, you will learn how to instantly synchronize balances, receive market movement notifications, and securely sign transactions.

In the guide on Ellipal Titan, you will learn how to set up hidden accounts with a separate passphrase option to conceal your wallet and maximize anonymity.

In the guide on Ellipal Mini with IP65 protection, you will discover how Mini offers the same advanced features as the full Titan, but in a more budget-friendly and portable format.

Summary

After a successful update, in the menu Settings → About, you will see the new firmware version displayed.

After the update, you may notice new networks/tokens, interface improvements, bug fixes (for example, recalculation of transaction fees, support for Taproot, a new version of the OS inside the wallet, etc.).

Technical Support:

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Что такое Цифровой Рубль? Как он работает? Когда запустится? Это криптовалюта?

Антон Састрпцин — Thu, 02 Mar 2023 12:55:22 +0000

What is the Digital Ruble? How does it work? When will it be launched? Is it a cryptocurrency? Антон Састрпцин Thu, 04/06/2023 - 15:26

Contents

Digital Ruble what is it: a quick answer

Highlights:

The digital ruble is not a cryptocurrency, but it is protected by crypto encryption and created on a centralized blockchain
The digital ruble is no different from the cash ruble and the modern non-cash ruble (bank transfer)
1 Digital ruble = 1 cash ruble (and non-cash too).
The digital ruble will not replace cash and non-cash payments, but will only complement them
You will not lose digital rubles, even if your bank closes!
The digital ruble belongs to the Bank of Russia
You can pay with a digital ruble abroad
The digital ruble will be launched in April 2023
The digital Ruble will not be traded on a cryptocurrency exchange, like, for example, USDT
Digital ruble reliable, fast and safe

What is the digital ruble?

The Digital Ruble (CBDC) is a new, official and additional form of the Russian national currency, which will be issued by the Bank of Russia in digital form (electronic). The digital ruble will be able to combine the properties of both cash and non-cash rubles.

Like non-cash money (online payment), the digital ruble makes remote payments possible. At the same time, just like cash, the digital ruble can be used offline - that is, even if there is no access to the Internet.

The digital ruble will be available to the following economic entities:

Citizens
All types of business
To all participants of the financial market
Government

Just like cash and non-cash rubles, the digital ruble will perform all 3 standard functions of money, namely:

Means of payment
Measure of value
Savings

Simply put, a digital ruble is the same ruble as the one used in a bank transfer: it cannot be touched (it has no physical analogue like cash), but at the same time its value is exactly the same as that of cash. It was created as a more convenient, modern means of payment to reduce costs (on logistics, commissions, production, etc.), and most importantly, it is faster, more reliable and safer. Yes, the digital ruble is not a cryptocurrency, but it has a centralized (state) blockchain and is protected by crypto encryption!

Important! If a user starts a digital wallet for a digital ruble only through 1 bank, and this bank eventually closes, then the user will not lose access to their digital rubles! Whatever the amount of digital rubles in the wallet, users will continue to be able to safely use their funds through other banks in which they are serviced!

Each digital ruble will have its own unique number, just like cash, so it will be easy to track their movement in case of theft.

Also, digital rubles can be bequeathed and inherited, while, importantly, close people (relatives) will be able to receive an inheritance from a digital account necessary to pay for the funeral, before the expiration of 6 months from the date of the announcement of the inheritance.

What is the digital ruble equal to?

The digital ruble is the same ruble as cash and non–cash.

Now 1 non-cash ruble = 1 cash ruble, and 1 digital ruble = 1 cash (or non-cash) ruble!

All 3 forms (cash, non-cash, digital) of the Russian ruble will be absolutely equivalent.

Digital Ruble to Dollar

As we wrote earlier, the digital ruble does not differ from the usual cash (and non-cash) ruble. Therefore, a digital ruble will cost the same to the dollar as a regular ruble!

When will the digital ruble be launched?

Initially, the digital ruble was planned to be launched in 2024. However, in February 2023, it was decided that the digital ruble would be launched in April 2023.

On this occasion , the Deputy Governor of the Bank of Russia said:

"The pilot phase will work with real operations for real people, but only for a limited number of them, with 13 banks that have declared their readiness."

List of 13 banks: Alfa-Bank, Sberbank, TKB, Ak Bars, VTB, Dom.RF, Tinkoff Bank, Gazprombank, Rosbank, PSB, Soyuz bank, SKB-bank.

Will the digital ruble replace cash and non-cash payments?

No, the digital ruble will not replace cash! It is considered not as a replacement for cash or non-cash rubles, but as an addition to existing forms of money.

Official response:

Simply put, not all segments of the population will be able to switch to the digital ruble. A vivid example of this is pensioners who will not be able to switch to a new, complex system. Many people are still more comfortable receiving cash and paying only with it.

It takes a lot of time to replace a cash payment with a digital ruble. At this stage, the digital ruble will be introduced to the masses, and after a few generations, when everyone will be able to use digital money without problems, they will be able to replace cash! But a complete replacement of cash is not yet planned.

What is the digital ruble for?

The most important advantage of the digital ruble over cash and non-cash payments:

The digital ruble will make payments even faster, safer and easier.
The development of digital payments will lead to a reduction in the cost of payment services, as well as money transfers.
The sender will be able to label digital rubles at will, so that the recipient spends them only for certain set goals. This ensures transparency of transfers and circulation of the money supply.

Now let's look at this in more detail.

What is the security of this system? All operations with digital rubles will take place on the regulator's platform, and they are also protected using cryptography. The Bank of Russia will be able to track transactions of digital wallets and guarantees the safety of money.

Why will the digital ruble be faster? Transactions with digital rubles pass through a digital wallet and this happens almost instantly and without pauses — 24/7 (for example, how the Fast Payment System (SBP) works now). This applies not only to transfers between people, but also payments to company accounts.

What is the convenience of the digital ruble over cash and non-cash payments? Anyone can conclude secure transactions (so-called smart contracts) directly on the regulator's platform. Under these contracts, payment in digital rubles will be carried out automatically with the strict fulfillment of the pre-prescribed terms of the contract.

What is the transparency of the digital ruble? The sender of digital rubles will be able to label them so that the recipient spends them only for the specified purposes. For example, parents will be able to label digital rubles that they transfer to their children, and the marked funds can be spent, for example, only on paying for lunches and travel (or something else).

All this will serve as an incentive for innovation both in the field of retail payments and in other areas, and will support the development of the digital economy. Reducing the dependence of users on individual providers will increase the stability of the country's financial system.

Will the digital ruble be able to pay for purchases abroad?

The digital ruble has not yet been put into circulation, so this answer is purely theoretical.

Theoretically, it is possible to pay for goods abroad, moreover, various states are already experimenting with cross-border payments in digital currencies.

But at the same time, when using the digital ruble, the same question arises as when using other types of money.

For example, if a user sends a digital ruble to China, then you need to make sure that the Chinese get the coverage they need for it (in rubles, yuan, gold, etc.). It will be necessary to set exchange rates for such types of transactions.

The main question for many is: "Will digital rubles be able to replace the bank cards or SWIFT bank transfers that are not working abroad?" - they may be able to, but, again, the answer to this question is still theoretical.

Advantages of the digital ruble

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of non-cash money.

The digital ruble should become a new, convenient, additional means of payment for both sellers and buyers, especially in remote, hard-to-reach and sparsely populated areas where access to financial infrastructure is severely limited.

Thanks to the digital ruble, the coverage of the population with financial services will increase, which will become more accessible, which will eventually improve the quality of people's lives.

In general, the advantages of the digital ruble are many: from reducing logistics costs to security and increasing the coverage of the population with financial services!

How to use a digital ruble?

Using a digital ruble will be as easy and simple as using a bank card or an electronic wallet (for example, Qiwi).

As we wrote earlier, all transactions of the digital ruble can be carried out both online and offline.

To perform transactions offline, without Internet access, users will be able to pay in advance by reserving a certain amount of digital rubles in their electronic wallet (this is similar to how you just put cash in your wallet at home), in places where cards are not accepted.

In the online mode, transactions are performed similarly by bank transfer (as with a bank card).

The main difference is that you can have any number of electronic or bank accounts, and only one digital wallet.

How to create a digital ruble wallet?

Presumably there will be the following procedure:

The user creates a digital wallet of the digital ruble using the mobile application of any bank (in which he is registered) participating in the digital ruble program (platform). Then he gets access through the applications of other banks connected to the platform.
Next, the user puts money in the wallet. Through Internet banking or mobile banking, users will be able to replenish their digital wallet with any amounts they need from their regular (current) bank account.
After that, the user can make transfers to organizations (online stores and others), ordinary people. To do this, you need to: specify the phone number of the recipient of digital rubles (the owner of another wallet), after which he will receive funds instantly. Please note that it does not matter which bank your recipient is a client of — the money between digital ruble wallets goes through the Bank of Russia platform.

How to pay for goods and services in digital rubles? Everything is simple here: digital rubles are transferred from your wallet to the wallet of the company (store). All you will need to make a payment is to scan the seller's QR code through the mobile application in your bank.

It is also very easy to convert digital rubles back into non-cash money. Digital rubles from a digital wallet can be transferred back to your bank account in any of your banks connected to the digital ruble platform!

What are the commissions of the digital ruble?

Users, sole proprietors and companies have the opportunity to create a digital wallet by signing a standard digital account agreement with one of the banks that is connected to the platform.

The bank, in turn, will charge a commission for transactions. However, these commissions will not exceed the amount set by the Central Bank.

According to the chairman of the Central Bank, digital accounts should reduce the cost of settlements.

The tariffs of the digital ruble will not be higher than in the current "System of Fast payments" (SBP), that is, they will amount to 0.4–0.7% of the amount.

Can scammers steal a digital ruble from accounts?

Quick answer: only by tricks such as social engineering.

The main thing here is to understand that the digital ruble is different from the non-cash payment we are used to, since it has cryptographic protection and is based on the blockchain!

All user data is kept in the strictest confidentiality with the use of the latest cyber defense technologies.

Any transaction in digital rubles takes place only if the user confirms it with his electronic signature.

But at the same time, you should not lose vigilance, since scammers will always try to lure money (for example, with the help of social engineering tricks).

At the moment, if the user transfers funds to scammers himself, or accidentally informs them of confidential information that will give fraudsters access to the victim's accounts, then banks will not always help to return the funds, or help, but the proceedings may drag on for a long time.

In the case of the digital ruble, it will be possible not only to compensate for the victim's losses, but also to quickly track down the movement of funds by criminals. All this is possible due to the fact that all operations with the digital ruble take place on a single, centralized platform of the regulator (centralized blockchain) and the actions of the attackers can be tracked and see which wallet the stolen funds went to.

Can the digital ruble create inflation?

The digital ruble will not create inflation, since more or less money will not appear in the country because of the digital ruble.

The digital ruble is just a new form of money! There will be no additional issue of money due to the appearance of the digital ruble, which means that this will not affect prices and their growth.

What should I do if something breaks?

The Bank of Russia will create a single portal for digital ruble users.

Applications from users will be sent to 2 places at once: to the regulator and your bank, in whose mobile application the user could not, for example, receive a transfer or make it.

Users will be able to ask all these or other questions in real time 24/7 in the CB Online chat.

Now let's answer the question in more detail, what is the central bank's digital currency?

What is the central bank's digital currency?

The central bank's digital currency (CBDC) is money that can be issued by a country's central bank. They are called digital (or electronic) because they are not physical money like banknotes and coins (paper/metal money).

The central bank's digital currency can be represented as an amount on a computer or similar device.

The Bank of Russia is the central bank of Russia, and it is carefully studying the idea of a central bank digital currency for Russia.

The central bank's digital currency is a type of digital money.

How does the digital ruble differ from the cryptocurrency?

Most likely, you have heard about Bitcoin, Ethereum and USDT. These are examples of private digital assets (sometimes called cryptocurrencies or crypto assets). CBDC differs from crypto assets in several important aspects:

Firstly, crypto assets are issued privately. If something goes wrong with the crypto asset, the central bank or the government will not be able to intervene.
Secondly, the value of the crypto asset is unstable. It can rise or fall quickly in a very short period of time. This is not ideal when making payments. Unlike cryptocurrencies (such as Bitcoin), digital rubles will be stable and retain their value over time!
Also, cryptocurrencies are decentralized and this is not always good. The digital ruble will be fully centralized and supported by the state.

As we have already said, cryptocurrencies are not regulated and are most often decentralized. Their price is determined by investor sentiment, external political situations, regulations, use and interest on the part of investors.

You need to understand that cryptocurrencies are volatile assets that are more suitable for speculation (earning on the difference in exchange rates, holding coins before the onset of growth - hype, and others). All this makes them impossible candidates for use in a financial system that requires stability.

CBDCs reflect the value of the fiat currency and are designed to ensure stability and security.

How does the digital ruble differ from the modern cashless payment?

From the point of view of the use of bright differences will not be. The digital ruble will be faster than non-cash payments (as for domestic and foreign transfers), and it will also become much safer and more secure.

Also, users affected by fraudsters will now be more likely to return the stolen funds (meaning those that they sent themselves, due to the same social engineering).

In general, all this is very similar to a standard, familiar to everyone, bank account, but with one very important difference.

At the moment, the money of users (enterprises, etc.), lies on accounts in commercial banks. Digital rubles will be stored directly in the Central Bank, that is, with the state, which is more reliable and safer.

Is the digital ruble a cryptocurrency?

Despite the fact that the idea of digital currencies of the central bank (CB) comes from cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology directly, CBDC are not cryptocurrencies.

CBDC are controlled by a central authority - the state, whereas cryptocurrencies are almost all decentralized, which means that they cannot be regulated by one authority, and they also lack guarantees of consumer protection and their value is subject to serious fluctuations (volatility).

On the official website of the Central Bank, there is a detailed answer whether the digital ruble is a cryptocurrency:

"The digital ruble is an obligation of the central bank, implemented through digital technologies and has nothing to do with "cryptocurrencies". This is a fiat currency, that is, a currency whose stability of functioning is provided by the state in the person of the central bank"

How does the digital currency (digital ruble) differ from Stablecoin?

The most important difference between a digital currency (of any country) and a stablecoin is that the stable coin is not official, it was issued by a private company. Yes, most often it is tied to some asset (USD, EURO, oil or gold, and so on), and the digital currency belongs to the state, and it regulates it.

If the stablecoin dies, depositors will lose all funds, and the digital currency is supported by the state, and it will always regulate all processes.

A striking example is the stable TerraUSD coin (USTC), which collapsed in 2022 and all depositors (holders in this coin) lost all their funds!

Also an example of the Tether (USDT) coin, which had courts with the US SEC at the beginning of 2022, because of which the price of the stable coin sank a little.

Therefore, from the point of view of reliability, the digital currency greatly benefits, since it is protected by the state!

Will cryptocurrency exchanges accept the digital ruble?

In our usual understanding for exchange on the stock exchange (example of exchange: USDT / BTC), there will be no such listing, and it is impossible.

Most likely, cryptocurrency exchanges that now allow you to deposit /withdraw Rubles will accept a new type of replenishment with Rubles on their platform – through the Digital Ruble platform.

However, this may not happen.

Is it possible to make money on the digital ruble as a cryptocurrency?

Нет, цифровой рубль, как мы уже сказали, это такой же рубль, как и наличный. Он не подвержен высокой волатильности, как криптовалюты, такие как, к примеру, Bitcoin.

Therefore, you will not be able to earn on a digital ruble as a separate asset (in the usual sense of earning on cryptocurrency), but you can use it as an accumulation!

Conclusion

Цифровой рубль – это будущая ступень развития платежной системы.

This is a really convenient, innovative, modern and most importantly reliable (safe) solution.

The digital ruble has a huge future that will soon affect all of us!

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Blockchain

Что майнить после перехода Ethereum на POS? Список профитных для майнинга монет. Стоит ли собирать майнинг фермы?

Максим Анисимов — Mon, 05 Sep 2022 12:58:32 +0000

What to mine after switching Ethereum to POS? A list of profitable coins for mining. Is it worth collecting mining farms? Максим Анисимов Tue, 09/06/2022 - 13:45

Contents

On September 15, 2022, Ethereum switched to POS. People have a lot of questions:

Will mining be profitable further?
What to mine? Are there any more profit coins?
Which is better: sell mining farms? Or keep it for yourself?
Is it worth collecting new mining farms?

We will answer these and other questions in this article!

Please note, this article is not financial advice! It's up to you to decide what to mine / buy!

Why can't Ethereum be mined anymore?

Ethereum is one of the most profitable cryptocurrencies for mining on the GPU. Since its creation (July 20, 2015), the cryptocurrency has been working on the Proof-of-Work algorithm, that is, it could be mined on video cards.

Since September 2022, Ethereum has switched to a new algorithm - Proof-of-Stake. This algorithm does not support the usual mining on video cards for everyone.

Now the confirmation of the network will be carried out only with the help of validators. They will carry out work on confirming new transactions using Staking and receive a reward in Ethereum for this.

The current yield for Staking ETH is 4 - 4.5%. To become an Ethereum validator, you must have at least 32 ETH on a deposit contract.

Profit coins for mining after Ethereum leaves for POS

At the time of writing (September 2022), there are many profitable coins for mining on video cards. These are coins such as:

Coin	Algorithm	Miner
Ethereum Classic	Etchash	Phoenixminer
Kaspa (KAS)	kHeavyHash	GMiner
Ravencoin	KawPow	GMiner
Ergo	Autolykos	Lolminer
Neoxa	KawPow	GMiner
Conflux	Octopus	Nanominer
Sero	ProgPow	PhoenixMiner; ProgPOW Miner
Zano	ProgPowZ	T-Rex miner
Aeternity	CuckooCycle	Bminer
Flux	ZelHash	Lolminer
Firo	FiroPow	Nanominer

And many other coins. As you can see, there are a lot of POW coins on the market and they are all trading well:

Therefore, there should be no problems with mining and selling these coins.

The main thing is not to store coins directly on the exchange, use wallets: official, multi-currency, hardware and others. Storing coins on the exchange is very dangerous, since there have been many cases of hacking exchanges in the entire history of cryptocurrencies.

But how profitable are these coins? Will they be able to generate the same income as Ethereum did? We'll talk about this in the next chapter.

How to continue mining after switching ETH to POS (September 15)?

There are several mining scenarios after Ethereum leaves for POS:

On September 15, you can manually switch your mining farms to another coin, for example, to Ethereum Classic, Ravencoin, Ergo or any other coin. To do this, you will need to create in advance .Bat file for the desired coin. The following miners are suitable: Phoenix Miner, Lolminer, GMiner
The second option is to configure the desired coin in advance using the reserve pool (Failover Pools). In Phoenix Miner, you can immediately put Ethereum Classic mining, as soon as ETH mining becomes unavailable, the miner will automatically switch to mining ETC. In Lolminer, you can also use the reserve pool to specify any other coin, for example, FLUX. As soon as ETH becomes unavailable, lolMiner will switch to FLUX mining.

There is nothing complicated in this, just do not forget to set up your rigs in advance in a way that is convenient for you.

We will discuss which coin is better to mine after leaving ETH for POS later in the article.

Mining income after leaving Ethereum for POS. Who will replace Ethereum?

Ethereum has been the leader in GPU mining for the last couple of years! Most often, this coin was the most profitable and helped to quickly recoup the collected mining rig.

But what about now? What coin can replace Ethereum?

As we have already said, there are many profitable coins for mining. From time to time they will compete with each other for the first place.

At the moment, there is no clear leader, but there are top successful, reliable and profitable coins:

Ravencoin
Ergo
Firo, Flux and etc.

Ethereum Classic is a reliable and also profitable coin (which is worth mining for a long time – use a hold), but we did not include it in the top 3, because there is one thing here, which we will talk about later.

Please note that all these places are not stable, and may change frequently (depending on the hype of a particular coin, complexity, and so on).

Why have we singled out Ethereum Classic separately? The thing is that Ethereum Classic is mined not only on video cards, there are still many Asics under this algorithm (the lion's share is with up to 4 GB of memory). The DAG size of the ETC file is 3.063 Gb.

This means that asics with 4 Gb of memory can safely mine ETC. And with the departure of ETH to POS, the complexity of ETC will become even greater (new video cards that left ETH will be transferred), which means that the income from this coin will temporarily decrease.

Etc will overcome the DAG mark of 4 GB only in August 2025, and it is not a fact that even more new Asics with a DAG size above 4 Gb will not appear under this algorithm!

Now let's see how much all these coins bring in mining and how much are they behind Ethereum?

All further calculations will be carried out on 1 video card – Nvidia 3080 LHR.

Ergo

Let's start with the most profitable (at the time of writing) coin – Ergo.

One video card can make a profit:

$2.00 per day (without deduction of the light fee).

At the time of writing, 1 GPU 3080 LHR brings (Ethereum):

$2.13 (without deduction for light).

It turns out that the payback on the Ergo cryptocurrency will be a little bit longer, unlike Ethereum, but this difference is not critical. ERGO also trades well and is represented on 7 exchanges!

Ethereum Classic

Ethereum Classic is the most reliable POW coin after ETH. Unlike other POW coins, it is in the top 20 coins by capitalization, is represented on a huge number of exchanges and has high trading volumes.

And what is important, many believe that ETC (after leaving ETH for POW) will become the new leader in POW mining!

At the time of writing, 1 GPU 3080 LHR brings:

1.13$ (without deduction of the light fee).

Yes, it is less than ERGO, but ETC itself is more reliable and is represented on 80+ exchanges, against 7 exchanges at ERGO.

It's up to you to decide which coin to mine. But do not forget to use the what to mine online calculator to check the profitability of a particular coin!

Ravencoin

This old and quite popular cryptocurrency is represented on 37 exchanges with large trading volumes.

At the time of writing, 1 GPU 3080 LHR brings:

$1.57 (without deduction of the light fee).

These are not bad indicators, considering what is happening on the market right now – "crypto winter".

Neoxa

A new cryptocurrency, the start of trading – 07/19/2022. The coin is traded on only 2 exchanges with a total daily trading volume of $1,319,067.

At the time of writing, 1 GPU 3080 LHR brings:

$2.05 (without deduction of the light fee).

At the moment, this is the most profitable coin for mining, but at the same time the most dangerous. If you have large capacities, then we would not advise you to hold this coin, since it is traded on only 2 exchanges and has relatively small trading volumes, which indicates its unreliability.

At any moment, the coin can be delisted from the exchange, it may turn out to be a scam, or the exchange where it is traded will be hacked at all, and the coin will become useless: there have been many such examples in the history of cryptocurrency

In our opinion, it is possible to mine this coin with small capacities and according to the following principle: sell 80% within 2-5 days, hold 20% for no more than 6 months in anticipation of a small hype and transfer the mined coins into more reliable assets, such as ETH, BTC, ETC.

Mining results after the departure of ETH

As you can see, there are a lot of profitable and reliable coins, and most likely more and more new coins will continue to fill this niche!

It is impossible to single out an absolute winner who will 100% replace ETH right now. At first, you will definitely have to use online calculators in search of a more profitable coin, since the first place will change from time to time.

Of the clear winners now, coins such as:

Ergo
Ravencoin
Flux, Conflux, Firo
Ethereum Classic

Of all the coins presented, the reliability rating will be as follows:

Ethereum Classic
Ravencoin
Ergo
Flux

It's up to you to decide which coin to mine. We will definitely leave part of the mining capacity on ETC and part of the power will be scattered over the remaining profit coins.

Is it worth selling mining farms because of the departure of ETH?

We can't decide for you because there are a lot of key factors here:

Price for electricity
The territorial location of the mining farm relative to your location
Models of your video cards
Video card status
Your attitude to mining

Next, we will reveal all these points in more detail.

Price for electricity

The first and most important point in the matter of selling mining farms is the price of your electricity.

If electricity is expensive in your region, above $ 0.25, then in this case you can think about selling a mining farm, since the rest of the coins (except ETH) are not so stable, and mining, especially in the midst of crypto winter, can be a minus for you!

Otherwise, if you have very cheap or even free electricity, you should not give up mining, since it will bring passive income.

But it's up to you to make the final decision.

Territoriality of mining farms

The second most important point. If you can't switch between cryptocurrencies often to find the most profitable cryptocurrency, then this is a reason to think about selling.

Yes, of course, you can mine one coin at once, for example, ETC or ERGO, but the coin rate may drop significantly, or the complexity may increase dramatically.

And in this case, mining of these coins can become dramatically unprofitable.

Of course, if you mine for a long time and are calmly ready to pay the price for electricity out of your pocket, then this should not interfere with you. However, if you withdraw some of the mined coins to pay electricity bills, this may become a problem for you.

Models of your video cards

If you have outdated models of video cards, such as AMD 470, 480, 570, 580 or Nvidia 1060 (3gb / 6 gb), 1050 T I, 1060, 1070, 1080 and below, then in this case you should think about selling.

Most likely, mining itself will profit you for another year or two, but in the future these cards will become useless.

Example of revenue from 1 AMD 470 graphics card:

They are already quite old in themselves and it makes sense to sell them.

However, if you believe in the hype of cryptocurrencies in the near future, you can wait for it and sell your mining farms much more profitable than selling them now – in the midst of the crypto winter.

Video card status

The state and model of the video card can be partially combined into 1 point. If you have old video cards and they are not in very good condition, then there is definitely a reason to think about selling them.

Even if you have new video cards, and they have not been cared for, they are in constant overheating, dust, then you should also think about resale.

However, if your cards are in perfect condition, the models are not old, then you can mine in plus for a long time!

Your attitude to mining

If you do not believe in the further profitability of mining or for you it has always been passive income, where you assembled a mining farm, put it to mine under Ethereum and did not touch the farm for months / years, then this is a reason to think about selling.

yes, you can also bet on a long-term, for example, ETC, but it is not a fact that it will always be beneficial for your video cards.

Or you can put the ERGO coin, which now occupies the 1st place after the departure of ETH, but it is not a fact that by mining this coin for a long time, it will not collapse in price, it will not lose interest from investors (people to whom you will sell this coin on the exchange) and so on, what was with many coins not from the top 50!

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Mining

Ethereum

Как майнить криптовалюту Kerrigan? Алгоритм KawPoW и Equihash 192,7. Пулы, кошельки, майнеры. Стоит ли майнить?

Максим Анисимов — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 16:33:06 +0000

How to mine Kerrigan cryptocurrency? The KawPoW and Equihash algorithm 192.7. Pools, wallets, miners. Is it worth mining?

TL;DR:

Attention! The coin has very small trading volumes!

Kerrigan cryptocurrency (KRGN) runs on the KawPoW algorithm (and others). For mining, you need to follow these steps:

Get a Digital Coin Wallet: Exchanges (Nestex), Official wallet (Windows / Linux), WEB wallet
Choose a pool that is convenient for you. Example: kerrigan.network, zpool.ca, nitopool.fr, himpool.com (SOLO)
Select a mining program (miner). An example for KawPoW: T-Rex (NVIDIA), TeamRedMiner (AMD), kawpowminer. Example for Equihash 192.7: miniZ, lolMiner
Creating it .Bat file with settings
Launching mining

Максим Анисимов Wed, 05/06/2026 - 15:41

Contents

In this article, we will tell you how to mine Kerrigan cryptocurrency (KRGN) on video cards.

The thing is that the coin works on several algorithms at once (the so-called "Multi-Algo"): X11, KawPoW, Equihash 200.9, Equihash 192.7.

We will analyze exactly the popular version – KawPoW and Equihash 192.7. Which miners are needed, how to set them up, which wallets / exchanges are suitable, a list of pools, and more.

Let's say right away that this cryptocurrency has very low trading volumes! Approximately $5,000 per day.

How to mine Kerrigan cryptocurrency (KRGN): a quick answer

Kerrigan cryptocurrency (KRGN) runs on the KawPoW algorithm (and others). For mining, you need to follow these steps:

Get a Digital Coin Wallet: Exchanges (Nestex), Official wallet (Windows / Linux), WEB wallet
Choose a pool that is convenient for you. Example: kerrigan.network, zpool.ca, nitopool.fr, himpool.com (SOLO)
Select a mining program (miner). An example for KawPoW: T-Rex (NVIDIA), TeamRedMiner (AMD), kawpowminer. Example for Equihash 192.7: miniZ, lolMiner
Creating it .Bat file with settings
Launching mining

Next, we will look at all these points in detail.

Kerrigan (KRGN) system requirements and opinion about the coin. Review

Algorithm	X11 (Asiki), KawPoW (Graphics Cards), Equihash 200.9 (Asiki), Equihash 192.7 (Graphics Cards)
Block Time	480 seconds
Block Reward	25 KRGN
Official website	kerrigan.network
Explorer	explorer.kerrigan.network
Wallets	Exchanges (Nestex), Official wallet (Windows / Linux), WEB wallet
Github	github.com/kerrigan-network
Total coins	52,560,000 KRGN

Kerrigan cryptocurrency is a hybrid coin created for miners who use video cards and who believe in decentralization and financial privacy.

Four mining algorithms: GPU mining and ASIC mining ensure that no single device dominates the network.

Masternodes provide instant transactions and management. Sapling's secure transactions guarantee confidentiality based on zero-knowledge proof.

The goal: a decentralized network for the availability of video cards, where miners earn KRGN for their work on the output of AI tasks.

In general, this is another project with "new AI ideas." There is nothing super new in this project!

As for Github, work is extremely rare here. But using Github as a 100% understanding of whether work is underway or not is not correct, since it is enough to resave the branch and it will already be counted that some work has been done.

How to mine Kerrigan (KRGN), the KawPoW algorithm and Equihash 192.7?

Next, we'll take a step-by-step look at how to start mining Kerrigan cryptocurrency (setup and launch). Let's start with the first point: creating (receiving) a digital wallet for Kerrigan coin (KRGN).

Where and how to get a Kerrigan Digital wallet (KRGN)? Which one will do?

Kerrigan cryptocurrency has several wallets:

Official wallet	Official wallet (Windows / Linux)
Exchanges	Nestex
Web wallet	WEB wallet

Considering that in the entire history of cryptocurrencies, there have been coins that were created for only one purpose – stealing the private keys of other coins/wallets, and your data – installing an official wallet PC (from an unknown coin and unknown developers) on your work computer is a dangerous task.

In the case of this coin, we have a choice.:

Stock market
Official Dextop wallet
Web wallet

As we have already said, an official PC wallet can theoretically be dangerous, and exchanges are generally not the safest harbor, as they are very often hacked, they are closed, and so on.

Therefore, the most profitable option for this coin is a WEB wallet, as it is secure!

How do I get a Kerrigan wallet (KRGN)?

Go to the official website of the Coin's Web wallet.

To create a new account, click on the "Create New Wallet" button.

A new page will open. Rewrite all the words on paper in the correct order. This is a Seed phrase. It is the key (access) to your wallet. If you lose it, you will also lose access to your wallet.

Next, click on the "I've Written Them Down" button. a new page will open.

Write the necessary words on it in the correct order.

After you have entered all the words, click on the "Verify" button.

On the new page, create a password to log in to your account. Repeat it.

Click on the create account button.

You have created a wallet:

The number of your coins
The button for sending coins
Get coins button (your address will be shown there)

You can also use a QR code to receive coins.

Kerrigan Wallet Example

The Kerrigan Coin digital Wallet looks like this:

KSktx3hJjezjJ1qqg4c3KdwVcFaeY2VutU

Kerrigan Mining Pool

Kerrigan cryptocurrency does not have many mining pools:

Pool	Commission	~ Power
kerrigan.network	0% PPLNS	75%
zpool.ca	1% PROP	10%
nitopool.fr	1% PPLNSBF	5%
himpool.com (SOLO)	2% SOLO	4%

Download Kerrigan wallet mining software. Miners using the KawPoW and Equihash algorithm 192.7

The coin runs on the KawPoW and Equihash 192.7 algorithm, and the following programs are suitable for mining:

Algorithm	Program	Серия	Setup and download
KawPoW	T-Rex	Nvidia	Setup and download
KawPoW	TeamRedMiner	AMD	Setup and download
KawPoW	kawpowminer	Nvidia	Скачать и настроить
Equihash 192,7	miniZ	Nvidia	Setup and download
Equihash 192,7	lolMiner	Nvidia+AMD	Скачать и настроить

After you have downloaded the program, extract the archive and create a Kerrigan coin Bat file for the pool that is convenient for you.

Please note that on our website there is a large, step-by-step setup guide for each program!

Examples of configuring a BAT file for different programs

Next, we'll show you how to set it up.A BAT file for Kerrigan coins for different programs.

KawPoW (GPU): kawpowminer -P stratum+tcp://WALLET.WORKER@mine.kerrigan.network:PORT

Equihash 192,7 (GPU): miniZ --algo 192,7 --url WALLET.WORKER@mine.kerrigan.network:PORT

How to mine on Amd
Download the Kerrigan mining software on AMD graphics cards:

Algorithm	Program	Серия	Setup and download
KawPoW	TeamRedMiner	AMD	Setup and download
Equihash 192,7	lolMiner	Nvidia+AMD	Скачать и настроить

The best graphics card for mining Kerrigan Mh/W Kawpow

Below we have listed the best graphics cards for mining Kerrigan cryptocurrency and the Kawpow algorithm in terms of mining efficiency (MH/W):

CMP 170HX 8GB	0.276 Mh/W
RX 6800 XT	0.264 Mh/W
RX 6600 XT	0.260 Mh/W
RTX 5080	0.236 Mh/W
RX 6400	0.235 Mh/W
RX 6600	0.234 Mh/W
RTX 5060 Ti 16GB	0.232 Mh/W
RTX 5070	0.232 Mh/W
RX 6650 XT	0.230 Mh/W
RX 6800	0.230 Mh/W
RX 5700 XT	0.229 Mh/W
VII	0.229 Mh/W
BC-160	0.225 Mh/W
RTX 3070 Ti laptop	0.223 Mh/W
CMP 100-210	0.222 Mh/W
RX 5500 XT	0.221 Mh/W
RTX 4070 Ti	0.221 Mh/W
RTX A2000	0.218 Mh/W
RTX 3060 laptop	0.218 Mh/W
RTX 4090 24GB	0.217 Mh/W
RX 6700 XT	0.215 Mh/W
BC-250	0.215 Mh/W
RTX 5060	0.215 Mh/W
RTX 3070 laptop	0.210 Mh/W
RTX 4080 Super	0.209 Mh/W
RTX 4060 Ti 16GB	0.208 Mh/W
RTX 5090	0.207 Mh/W
RX 6900 XT	0.207 Mh/W
RTX 4080	0.204 Mh/W
RTX 3070	0.204 Mh/W
RX 5600 XT	0.204 Mh/W
RX 5700	0.200 Mh/W
RTX 3060 Ti	0.199 Mh/W
RTX 4060	0.197 Mh/W
RTX 4070 Ti Super	0.196 Mh/W
RTX 4070	0.196 Mh/W
RX 7900 XTX	0.195 Mh/W
GTX 1660	0.190 Mh/W
VEGA 64	0.189 Mh/W
RX 7900 XT	0.188 Mh/W
RTX A4000	0.188 Mh/W
RX 6500 XT	0.186 Mh/W
RX 6950 XT	0.185 Mh/W
RTX A5000	0.184 Mh/W
RTX 2080 Ti	0.184 Mh/W
CMP 90HX	0.183 Mh/W
VEGA 56	0.182 Mh/W
RTX 5050	0.182 Mh/W
GTX 1660 Ti	0.179 Mh/W
RX 9070	0.178 Mh/W
RTX 4070 Super	0.177 Mh/W
RTX 5070 Ti	0.177 Mh/W
RX 7600	0.177 Mh/W
RTX 3060	0.172 Mh/W
RTX 3080	0.169 Mh/W
Arc A380	0.168 Mh/W
RTX 3070 Ti	0.167 Mh/W
RTX 3080 Ti	0.166 Mh/W
RX 7700 XT	0.165 Mh/W
RTX 2080 Super	0.162 Mh/W
RX 7800 XT	0.162 Mh/W
RTX 3060 Ti GDDR6X	0.158 Mh/W
RTX 3090	0.157 Mh/W
RTX 3090 Ti	0.149 Mh/W
CMP 70HX	0.148 Mh/W
RTX 3050 8GB	0.148 Mh/W
CMP 50HX	0.147 Mh/W
Arc B580	0.146 Mh/W
RTX 3080 12GB	0.145 Mh/W
RTX 2080	0.144 Mh/W
RTX 2070	0.143 Mh/W
RTX 2060	0.142 Mh/W
RTX 2060 Super	0.140 Mh/W
RTX 2060 12GB	0.135 Mh/W
RTX 2070 Super	0.135 Mh/W
CMP 30HX	0.134 Mh/W
Arc A770	0.134 Mh/W
GTX 1080 Ti	0.134 Mh/W
Arc A750	0.133 Mh/W
GTX 1660 Super	0.132 Mh/W
RX 9070 XT	0.129 Mh/W
CMP 40HX	0.125 Mh/W
GTX 1080	0.118 Mh/W
P106-100	0.117 Mh/W
P104-100	0.116 Mh/W
GTX 1070 Ti	0.112 Mh/W
RX 470	0.105 Mh/W
RX 590	0.105 Mh/W
RX 580	0.0999 Mh/W
P102-100	0.0967 Mh/W
GTX 1070	0.0949 Mh/W
RX 570	0.0945 Mh/W
GTX 1050 Ti	0.0941 Mh/W
RX 480	0.0941 Mh/W

Hashrate of the Kawpow algorithm (Kerrigan coin)

Now we will show the hashrate on this algorithm for different graphics cards.:

RTX 5090	95.94 Mh/s
RTX 4090 24GB	65.00 Mh/s
RTX 3090 Ti	63.70 Mh/s
RTX 3080 Ti	58.70 Mh/s
RTX 5080	58.70 Mh/s
RX 7900 XTX	58.39 Mh/s
RTX 4080 Super	52.10 Mh/s
CMP 170HX 8GB	51.02 Mh/s
RTX 3090	50.21 Mh/s
RX 7900 XT	48.34 Mh/s
RTX 4080	46.53 Mh/s
CMP 90HX	45.56 Mh/s
RTX 4070 Ti Super	45.11 Mh/s
CMP 100-210	44.26 Mh/s
RTX 5070 Ti	44.05 Mh/s
RTX 5070	42.65 Mh/s
RTX A5000	42.18 Mh/s
RTX 3080	42.17 Mh/s
RX 9070 XT	41.03 Mh/s
RX 9070	40.95 Mh/s
RTX 3070 Ti	37.77 Mh/s
RX 6950 XT	36.85 Mh/s
RTX 3080 12GB	36.15 Mh/s
RX 7800 XT	36.15 Mh/s
RX 6800 XT	36.11 Mh/s
RTX 4070 Super	35.23 Mh/s
VII	35.02 Mh/s
RX 6900 XT	33.56 Mh/s
RTX 4070	33.06 Mh/s
RTX 4070 Ti	32.87 Mh/s
RX 6800	31.96 Mh/s
RTX 2080 Ti	31.43 Mh/s
RTX 3060 Ti GDDR6X	30.95 Mh/s
RTX 3070	30.59 Mh/s
RTX 3070 Ti laptop	30.58 Mh/s
RTX 3060 Ti	29.63 Mh/s
CMP 70HX	28.81 Mh/s
RTX 5060 Ti 16GB	28.11 Mh/s
VEGA 64	27.60 Mh/s
RX 5700 XT	27.25 Mh/s
VEGA 56	26.99 Mh/s
RTX 2070 Super	26.46 Mh/s
RX 7700 XT	26.33 Mh/s
RTX A4000	26.11 Mh/s
RTX 2080	25.85 Mh/s
Arc A770	25.34 Mh/s
Arc A750	25.18 Mh/s
RTX 2080 Super	24.36 Mh/s
RTX 3060	24.09 Mh/s
RX 5700	23.96 Mh/s
GTX 1080 Ti	23.90 Mh/s
RTX 3070 laptop	23.55 Mh/s
RX 6700 XT	23.48 Mh/s
RTX 3060 laptop	22.65 Mh/s
RTX 5060	22.34 Mh/s
CMP 50HX	22.04 Mh/s
RTX 2070	21.15 Mh/s
Arc B580	20.86 Mh/s
RX 5600 XT	20.77 Mh/s
RTX 5050	20.38 Mh/s
BC-160	20.22 Mh/s
RTX 2060 12GB	20.04 Mh/s
RTX 4060 Ti 16GB	19.77 Mh/s
CMP 40HX	18.38 Mh/s
BC-250	18.29 Mh/s
RTX 4060	17.92 Mh/s
RX 7600	17.86 Mh/s
RTX 2060	17.76 Mh/s
RX 6600 XT	17.40 Mh/s
P104-100	17.33 Mh/s
RTX 2060 Super	17.31 Mh/s
RX 6650 XT	17.27 Mh/s
P102-100	16.44 Mh/s
GTX 1080	15.88 Mh/s
RTX A2000	15.05 Mh/s
GTX 1070 Ti	14.91 Mh/s
RTX 3050 8GB	14.90 Mh/s
RX 6600	14.73 Mh/s
RX 470	14.22 Mh/s
RX 570	13.98 Mh/s
RX 580	13.98 Mh/s
GTX 1070	13.29 Mh/s
RX 5500 XT	13.28 Mh/s
GTX 1660 Ti	12.90 Mh/s
GTX 1660 Super	11.75 Mh/s
GTX 1660	11.75 Mh/s
RX 590	10.94 Mh/s
CMP 30HX	10.75 Mh/s
P106-100	10.38 Mh/s
Arc A380	9.38 Mh/s
RX 480	8.94 Mh/s
RX 6500 XT	8.92 Mh/s
RX 6400	7.51 Mh/s
GTX 1050 Ti	7.06 Mh/s

Conclusion: is it worth mining / buying?

Kerrigan is an unremarkable coin, there are a lot of them on the market. She's just in the niche of a popular topic.

The trading volume of this cryptocurrency is very small – less than 5000-10000 $ per day. It will be very difficult to sell it.

Even if you mine it for a couple of days, and when it is at its peak (it will rise in price), you probably won't have time to sell it, because such coins usually have very rapid growth, a very small increase in trading volumes, and almost immediately a rollback – fall.

Whether to mine it or not is up to you. Personally, we probably didn't mine it, or no more than 1-2 days and in a long HOLD!

Mine it or not, buy it or not – it's up to you! This article is not financial advice. Never invest more than you can lose, and seek advice only from your personal financial advisor. Also, always check the exchange rates, reserves and news of the coin you want to invest in!

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Investing in cryptocurrency

Уровни поддержки и сопротивления: 6 критериев чтобы видеть Сделки, а не хаос на графике

Павел Грачев — Tue, 05 May 2026 15:15:42 +0000

Support and Resistance Levels: 6 Criteria to Spot Trades, Not Chaos on the Chart Павел Грачев Tue, 05/05/2026 - 21:55

Contents

You will learn about advanced techniques and setups for easily identifying support and resistance levels — like the pros. Forget everything you've heard before. This will be a modern school — what truly works. We'll look at real trading scenarios and 6 criteria for high-probability trades.

Support and resistance are the foundation of technical analysis; understanding them is essential for reading charts correctly. Levels are analyzed on Japanese candlestick charts, but to filter out market noise, pros also use Heikin Ashi. It won't be difficult because we'll start with the basics.

What are support and resistance?

A simple analogy to understand:

Support is like the floor — price usually doesn't fall below it. Here buyers step in and stop the decline.
Resistance is like the ceiling — price doesn't rise above it. Here sellers push back and stop the advance.

These are not thin lines, but rather zones where large players place their orders.

These are exactly the zones where price has reacted before and may potentially react again in the future. We highlight these important levels because they can serve as potential entry or exit points.

When price reaches a previous support or resistance point, one of two things happens:

either price bounces off the level,
or it breaks through and continues moving in the same direction until the next level.

It's important to understand that a chart can have multiple support levels, which in technical analysis are often labeled as S1, S2, and S3.

Why does support and resistance work?

Levels work because they reflect the real nature of human thinking. Traders remember past reversals, so they close positions at historical extremes — and levels emerge. Many traders see the same level and act the same way — like following traffic rules.

Round numbers also help form levels. People like whole values (10, 50, 100), and large players place orders at them.

And finally, a broken support becomes resistance because trapped traders rush to exit at breakeven when price returns. This is called a mirrored level, as shown below:

It's all like a self-fulfilling prophecy. Levels work because traders believe in them. And because of that belief, traders collectively buy at support and sell at resistance — thereby creating those levels themselves.

By the way, levels are not always horizontal — when price moves at an angle, trendlines appear, working on the same psychological principles.

A simple real-life example to remember: a price of $25 for strawberries becomes resistance because buyers lose interest (too expensive), while $10 becomes support because they start buying actively (cheap).

We'll definitely plot these levels on the chart, but first it's important to understand the criteria.

Criteria for defining support and resistance levels

Here are the specific principles and factors you look for when spotting support and resistance levels.

Criteria for a strong level:

Swing highs and swing lows — these are the peaks used to draw classic support and resistance levels.
Multiple bounces — the more times price has bounced, the more reliable the level.
Obviousness — the level should stand out at first glance.
Sharp rebound — strong candles, instantly moving away from the level.
Dual role — the level has acted as both support and resistance.
Freshness — priority to levels formed recently.

You don't have to meet all criteria at once, but the more matches — the stronger the level!

Now let's move to real charts and examine each criterion in detail.

1. Swing highs and swing lows

In the example below, look left and see that price rose, reached a point, and bounced. That's the highest point recently — a swing high forms. We mark it as a resistance level.

Similarly at the bottom: price fell, reached a point, then reversed twice — that's the lowest point, a swing low, which we mark as a support level:

Always remember: we do NOT enter trades blindly at support and resistance levels without confirmation. No matter how high or low the price is and whether the level criteria are met, always wait for price action, entry signals, and final confirmations.

One of the most reliable confirmation signals is a Change of Character (CHoCH), which indicates that whales have seized the initiative.

2. Multiple bounces

As you can see below, price approached the area four times over different periods, and each time it instantly reversed on approach. That's 4 bounces — a resistance level:

The significance of this is that multiple bounces indicate a repeated price reaction at this level, showing that traders acted here across several time periods. We can use that in our trading.

For a horizontal level to be considered confirmed and valid, it must pass through at least 2, and preferably 3 or more extremes (touches)!

3. Obviousness of the level

The level should be obvious! On the chart below you see a very noticeable level: price rose, touched, and reversed — that's clear resistance.

The same situation below: price fell, touched, and reversed — easily noticeable.

However, there are non-obvious minor levels (e.g., in the left corner or the next one). Minor levels can be useful for scalping or swing systems.

The more obvious the level, the more traders consider it important. This increases the likelihood of actions at this level (placing orders, take-profits, or stop-losses).

4. Sharpness of the rebound

The rebound from the level should be sharp, meaning price reverses with large candles.

Look below: price bounced sharply from this level — that's a support level.

Next — another sharp reversal, another support level. And above, each approach to this area ended with a sharp reversal — yet another level.

The sharper and more impulsive the price bounce from a level, the stronger that level is considered.

When looking for entry points, priority should be given to those zones from which price flew away like a scalded cat in the past.

Lack of sharpness when touching a level is a serious reason to doubt its reliability!

5. Dual role of a level

The level serves simultaneously as both support and resistance. Each time price reached this support level, it reversed.

Finally, the level was broken, and then price returned from below — the former support turned into resistance, price touched it and bounced, demonstrating a dual role.

In technical analysis, levels are not static lines but zones of interest that can act as both support and resistance depending on price. The mechanics are based on psychology: when price returns, losing traders close at breakeven, and large players remember liquidity zones. These areas are often called Liquidity Zones. To see where the crowd's money is hidden, traders use liquidation maps.

Such zones provide entry points on role reversals with a good win rate and tight stops just beyond the zone boundary.

6. Relevance of the level (freshness)

The last criterion — the level was formed recently.

As shown below, price bounced off this resistance three times in a row over a very short period. That means the level is still relevant.

If you look further to the left, you see an old swing high, but fresh bounces are always more effective — they are current and new. Don't forget: the freshest takes priority.

It's important to understand that an excessive number of touches (more than 4) leads to the gradual execution of limit orders. This exhausts the zone and increases the likelihood of a breakout. Therefore, the chart requires daily cleaning of levels that have been broken without a price reaction or repeatedly crossed by candle bodies, to eliminate market noise and maintain analysis accuracy.

Practice: combining criteria on charts

Now, knowing the criteria, let's combine them and apply them to charts to identify support and resistance levels. Remember: one sign is enough, but the more, the better.

Let's start at the very top: the level where price rose, touched, and reversed.

Which criteria are met?

Here 4 criteria:

swing high (the highest recent point),
level is obvious,
sharp movement (sharp rebound),
and multiple bounces (3 minor ones).

The next level — 6 bounces.

Signs: multiple bounces (6 total), the level acted as both support and resistance, it's relevant, there is sharp movement and obviousness.

Moving lower — another level with 4 bounces.

This is a swing low (the lowest recent point), has multiple bounces (4), sharp movement, is obvious, and appeared recently.

Let's try on another pair. At the top: price rose, touched, reversed — that's a swing high, sharp movement, and obviousness.

Then on the left: a level with sharp movement and obviousness.

On the right — another level with the same signs:

Then a very important level, including 4 criteria:

multiple bounces,
works in both directions,
sharp movement (significant rebound),
and obviousness.

Finally, at the very bottom - price fell, touched, and reversed. This level is a swing low, has bounces, sharp movement, obviousness, and is relevant. Now all key levels are plotted.

Professionals never enter blindly on the first touch. They wait for confirmation in the form of a candlestick pattern (Pin bar, Engulfing) or indicator reaction (RSI) within the zone.

Lines or zones? Choosing your drawing method

Another common question: how to decide whether to draw lines or zones, and which to prefer? Above is a resistance level. But how to draw level lines: based on closes or candle wicks?

For the upper level, there are 3 options:

One solid line — if it passes through all reversal points.
Multiple lines by closes — but they clutter and confuse the chart.
Zones — covering most candle bodies and wicks. This is our preferred method, as it keeps the chart clean.

Remember: it doesn't matter whether they are lines or zones — both denote support and resistance areas. That is, we always wait for price action to enter a trade in the general area, not at a specific price line.

Moving lower — another level, we draw a zone. You might ask why we didn't include some candles in the zone? Here's a pro tip: don't draw zones that are too wide — that creates confusion. Draw narrow zones that cover most touches and points. This is clearly shown below:

If we drew a huge zone to cover that minimum, it would look terrible, and the large width would confuse you (especially when using multiple timeframes). Instead, draw a narrow zone that touches most bodies, wicks, and points. One point here is considered a false breakout. At the bottom — a swing low, draw a line.

The result is a clean chart with key levels.

Example with four zones

Let's look at another real example. At the top — a swing high, draw a zone covering most closes and wicks.

Next — the following level, again a zone. Then — bounces, draw a zone. And at the very bottom — another support level, a zone.

That's it, traders. Now it's time to look at the pitfalls.

What are the hidden dangers of support and resistance levels?

Technical analysis with support and resistance often leads to losses, especially for beginners. These levels are not an exact science. It all depends on your subjective perception.

False breakouts are situations on the chart where price crosses a support or resistance level but fails to close beyond it and quickly returns to the previous range.

Ideal levels do not guarantee a bounce. Price breaks the boundary, you enter on the breakout, and then it sharply reverses.

Large players do this to collect liquidity — they hunt for traders' stop-losses. Without confirmation by volume or candlestick patterns, entering on a breakout turns into a trap for your account!

The next drawback is subjectivity and analysis paralysis. There is no single correct method for drawing levels. Some take candle bodies, others take wicks, others take historical extremes.

This is why it is so important not only to understand these zones but also to be able to look for confirmations. Take a look at the image below:

This image explains the main pitfall: you cannot trade simply from a level, lacking market structure and a confirmation signal. Without C (confirmation), a level is often useless.

If you plot every possible level — locals, round numbers, indicator-based — without understanding the market, you get a mess. This causes analysis paralysis: due to conflicting signals, you are afraid to enter trades or constantly doubt.

Summary

The essence of this entire guide is as follows. To identify support and resistance levels, we use 6 criteria:

swing highs/swing lows (the highest and lowest points over a period),
multiple bounces (the more the better, e.g., 6 bounces),
obviousness of the level,
sharpness of the bounce (immediate reversal with large candles),
dual role (the level acted as both support and resistance),
and freshness (priority to recent levels).

In practice, one criterion is enough, but reliability increases with each additional one. When drawing, it is preferable to use narrow zones (rather than lines) that cover most candle bodies and wicks, avoiding wide zones that lead to confusion across multiple timeframes.

It is important to remember that levels are price zones, not exact prices. Their strength is directly proportional to the number of tests and trading volume. In these zones, due to the accumulation of stop-losses and large orders, false breakouts (liquidity runs) and reversals often occur.

At a breakout, 70–80% of the time a role reversal occurs: support becomes resistance and vice versa. A breakout is considered valid if it is accompanied by a volume increase of 20–30% above average and is confirmed by a retest with volume above average (e.g., weekly).

What about trends and entries?

Trend is determined by the 200-period exponential moving average (EMA). Buy only when price is above the line.
Entry requires 3 factors to align: trend, support/resistance zone, and a candlestick pattern (e.g., bullish engulfing after a pullback to support).
Stop-loss — with a buffer below the low, target just below the nearest resistance.

Always keep market structure in mind:

After firmly and clearly defining the market structure, we draw support and resistance zones, and then look for confirmations. This sequence yields not chaos, but a clear, interconnected, consistent strategy.

The green rectangle denotes the potential profit zone (Take Profit), and the red one — the loss limitation zone (Stop Loss) below the support level. At the bottom is the RSI oscillator, showing a move out of the oversold area when the confirmation signal forms.

We still need to understand a couple more pro techniques regarding methods.

What are the ways to build levels?

Weekly candles with long wicks and body – good for horizontal lines.
Fibonacci levels (0.382; 0.5; 0.618; 1; 1.618) — we use them on daily and 4‑hour timeframes.
Levels are first defined on the higher timeframe (weekly), then checked on lower timeframes (daily, 4 hours), where price repeatedly tests the zone before a breakout or bounce.

Finally, about tools. In TradingView, we recommend indicators based on pivot points with a length setting of 20 (20 bars left and right), such as Pivot Points High Low and Trendline Pivots.

Afterword: we have been trading since 2018 and have tested hundreds of strategies and indicators. Choose your trading system in our trading section! Yours, editor Pavel Grachev for bytwork.com.

This material is for informational purposes only and does not constitute financial advice.

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bytwork.com - Mining, blockchain and cryptocurrencies

Фибоначчи в криптовалюте: Полный гайд по применению уровней для BTC и альткоинов

What is Fibonacci?

How Does Fibonacci Work in Crypto Trading?

Why Do Fibonacci Levels Work?

What is Fibonacci Retracement?

How to Read Fibonacci Pullback Levels?

Why Do Fibonacci Levels Create Traps for Traders?

How to Add Fibonacci to a Chart?

How to Improve Fibonacci Data?

Premium and Discount Zones – How to Know If the Price Is Favorable?

Advanced Fibonacci Strategies

Strategy 1 – Confluence of Mirror Levels (Swap Zones)

Strategy 2 – Confluence with Moving Average

Strategy 3 – Using RSI with Fibonacci

Strategy 4 – Imbalance (Fair Value Gap (FVG))

Strategy 5 – Confluence with Anchored VWAP

What Are the Entry Techniques?

Entry Trigger: Engulfing Candles

Risks and How to Reduce Them?

1. Which Market Environment to Choose?

2. Where to Place Stop-Loss?

3. Leverage and Position Size

4. Profit Taking and R:R

5. Risk Filtering and Trading Rules

Conclusions?

Comments

Теория степенного закона BTC: Работает ли она и почему обещает BTC за $1 млн

How the Bitcoin Power Law Theory works

Bitcoin Power Law Calculator

Fair Price according to Power Law:

Point 1 of the theory - Interest

Point 2: Price and Users

Mining and Difficulty Adjustment Mechanism

Point 3: Inflow of Resources

Point 4: Compensation Mechanism

Point 5: Security Growth

Point 6: Technology Adoption Growth

Point 7: Interrelation of the 7 Laws

Criticism of the theory

Forecasts according to the model

Forecast of $13 million by 2045

Forecast for the end of 2026 (cycle bottom)

What about bubbles?

Historical verification of the theory's calculations

How to calculate Bitcoin's growth yourself?

Historical facts about growth

Comments

Прогноз курса XLM Stellar до 2030 года. Что будет с криптовалютой? Стоит ли инвестировать?

XLM price forecast from 2025 to 2030

XLM Price Prediction 2025-2030: What Exchanges and Companies Are Saying

Opinion of Analysts and experts: XLM Stellar price forecast

XLM Cryptocurrency Forecast to 2030: ChatGPT's Opinion

XLM Cryptocurrency Price Prediction 2030: Deepseek's Opinion

Comments

Bitcoin ETF - полный разбор: что это, Зачем Нужно и какая Доходность за 3,6 мес и 3 года

What is an ETF?

How much can an ETF deliver?

Why does a Bitcoin ETF exist?

Advantages

Drawbacks

How does a Bitcoin ETF work?

What is a spot ETF?

What is a futures ETF?

How are crypto ETFs different from traditional ones?

Why are ETFs important for the market?

DefiLlama: Список всех протоколов и проектов для заработка - гайд

What is DefiLlama

Key Metrics TVL, Chains, and Protocols

TVL

Protocol Rankings

Categories

Chains ETH, SOL, BTC, Tron, etc.

Comparing Protocols and Chains

Yield Farming

Checking Protocol Security

Earning on DEX and Liquidity

Stablecoins as a Comfort Zone

Additional Tools

Airdrops