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История циклов биткоина и 4 летние графики роста. Смотрим на рынок насквозь, анализируя изменения закономерностей

Максим Анисимов — Tue, 26 Aug 2025 10:15:56 +0000

The history of Bitcoin cycles and four-year growth charts. We dissect the market, analyzing how the recurring patterns evolve

GpfgPf Thu, 08/28/2025 - 15:41

Содержание

Bitcoin doesnt like randomness - it prefers cycles.

You will learn what kinds of cycles exist, how to identify which cycle is currently in effect, and whether there is an optimal time to enter crypto. Expect lots of charts - fewer guesses. Throughout the article youll learn about all types of cyclicality.

Every cycle consistently contains four phases:

Bull rally – a sharp rise, the so-called bull market.
Peak – a bubble inflates, when the price is overvalued.
Bear Market – a steep decline (price correction).
Bottom – market recovery or price bounce after a drop.

Now lets look at the types of cycles themselves.

Supply-reduction cycle (halving)

It is commonly accepted that Bitcoins growth cycle follows roughly four-year periods, where the reduction of new coin issuance (the halving) often precedes significant price increases.

However, it would be naive to assume cycles depend solely on the halving - i.e., the number of coins mined. Moreover, cycles have shifted over time and are gradually losing some of their force.

Why have cycles shifted? The halvings influence on Bitcoin price is decreasing because of the dominance of institutional investors (large investment funds, sovereign reserves, ETFs), whose steady structural demand absorbs miners selling and disrupts the usual retail-driven dynamics of sharp rallies and crashes.

Heres a simple price-movement analogy. Institutional investors behave like tankers, while retail investors are like small high-speed boats, resulting in slower but larger cycles and reduced volatility.

Previously the market was driven by small speedy boats; now its slow, fat tankers.

The halving cycle itself is not canceled and it still creates a baseline structural supply deficit for BTC. However, its effect has been transformed by more powerful external forces - for example, global money supply (M2).

Is the halving being masked by M2?

Analysis of global year-over-year money supply (M2) growth shows a clear correlation with bull markets in 2013, 2017 and 2021.

See for yourself - the M2 indicator is here.

The indicator shows that macroeconomic factors, not only internal Bitcoin events (like halving), are the primary drivers of these cycles.

M2 is the volume of money in circulation and depends on central bank rates. Low rates increase liquidity, and cheap money flows into risky assets, including Bitcoin.

Liquidity is the cycles fuel

Bitcoin cycles directly depend on the availability of money and credit in the economy - i.e., global liquidity. This is because Bitcoin behaves like a sponge, absorbing excess liquidity.

Simply put: when theres lots of money in the economy, Bitcoins sponge soaks up more of that liquidity.

The chart below shows three waves of liquidity inflows that correspond to the cycle:

Phase 1 – the end of the bear market. Liquidity begins to flow in, triggering price recovery.
Phase 2 – the middle of the cycle. Money continues to flow, pushing the market higher.
Phase 3 – the final parabolic move. A massive influx of money creates a bubble and a price surge before the peak.

Historical confirmation: the 2022 bear market was directly triggered by the Feds monetary tightening. The regulator raised rates and implemented quantitative tightening.

Liquidity left the market → all risky assets, including Bitcoin, fell. Heres the chart:

Since 1970, global liquidity has shown cyclical fluctuations, periodically expanding and contracting roughly every 5–6 years.

Time to summarize. Lets look at a table of factors that influence crypto growth and decline cycles.

Factors affecting the cycle
Factor	Impact	Where to check
Halving	Reduces issuance of new BTC. Lowers the supply of newly minted coins.	Countdown to the next halving
Liquidity (M2, global)	Cheap money from central banks stimulates demand for risky assets (BTC).	Data on money-supply aggregates (M2) from FRED.
Federal Reserve interest rates	Low rates make BTC more attractive. High/rising rates have the opposite effect.	Series of Fed rates.
Institutional demand (ETFs)	Large, steady purchases by funds create a structural supply deficit.	Official statements and ETF listings at the SEC.
Market psychology	FOMO during rallies and panic during sell-offs amplify cyclicality.	The Fear & Greed Index.
Technical indicators	Help identify overbought/oversold conditions and potential reversal points.	MVRV Z and other on-chain indicators
Macro events	Crises, elections, regulatory decisions create volatility and affect sentiment.	News

Having understood which factors shape these cycles, youll want to determine the current cycle.

Identifying the current cycle will help you decide optimal entry/exit points in the market.

How to identify the current cycle?

Yes, four-year cycles may not always work, but human behavior doesnt change - their psychological patterns of fear and greed remain.

Theres a simple behavioral pattern in the market that includes 4 phases and 4 investor emotions:

Fear (accumulation) – price is low; people are afraid to sell at the bottom and positions are accumulated.
Greed increasing (uptrend) – a strong trend begins with rapid growth and volatility. This is called a bull market.
Greed (peak) – often resembles a bubble. Large players are already taking profits and the pace of growth slows.
Fear returns (price correction) – a trend begins that brings the price back to a new accumulation level, closing the cycle. The bear market begins - a market of falling prices and fear.

It all looks simple. Just four phases, and it seems you could sell at the Peak and buy at the Fear bottom.

But thats the catch: the peak phase is characterized by euphoria, when people are blinded by gains and ignore risks, leading to unstable rallies and sharp corrections. The market storms - alternating sharp drops, then buybacks and new price peaks.

Lets look globally at the whole historical behavior of people and the patterns this chart shows.

Despite massive volatility, each subsequent cycle produces significant long-term growth in Bitcoins value. At the same time, crowd psychology (the fear and greed) repeats over and over.

Another important diagram of patterns is below. Each ring represents a tenfold price increase: 1 → 10 → 100 → 1 000 000.

Colors reflect short-term holder behavior - green means peaks, red means bottoms.

The diagram helps determine the cycle phase and estimate time until the next peak.

And while historical patterns tied to human psychology and market cycles still hold, thats not enough. Fundamental analysis and various technical indicators come to the rescue.

Well review them below, because when BTC enters peak or bubble territory, social indicators come to the forefront.

Social price indicators

When Bitcoin enters maximum euphoria, it shows up not in charts but in social activity. Thats when crypto moves from a niche topic into mainstream awareness.

Signs of a price peak:

When BTC starts being discussed on TV and other media.
When crypto topics (e.g., NFTs) are covered on an evening show that normally focuses on other subjects.
When your barber, neighbor, and taxi driver start giving financial advice about crypto.
When your relatives and friends ask you what Bitcoin is.
Loud, sensational news appears about someone who paid $1.3M for a cartoon crypto rock.
Major brands begin PR campaigns around BTC-based projects.

If several items on the list (especially 1, 3 and 4) occur together - thats a sign of mass euphoria and a high probability the market is near its peak.

In the photo, an evening show host raised the topic of crypto-NFTs.

The New York Post report about NFTs.

You dont need to be a chart expert to spot a peak, but how do you know if the market is in another phase? Technical indicators will help.

Fundamental analysis and technical indicators

Understanding basic and advanced indicators will give you a deep and systematic view of how the crypto market works.

Lets be honest: indicators arent a crystal ball. They are probabilistic signals about phases, not exact dates. Yet combined with social indicators, they help most accurately determine market movement.

Most serious analysts dont rely on a single indicator - they take a weighted view of 3–6 metrics (on-chain + a few technical tools: MA, RSI, etc.).

Prepare for a dive into the technical part of the article. We promise to keep the language simple, but some professional terminology is unavoidable.

In broad terms, technical indicators in crypto are attempts to represent market data as mathematical charts to spot signals and patterns.

There are hundreds of indicators, so well highlight only the main ones.

Bitcoin RSI – shows overbought (>70) or oversold ( <30) conditions. Here is a complete guide to RSI.
Rainbow Chart – a visual rainbow chart where colors indicate actions. Dark blue/purple = very cheap/buy, green/yellow = hold/evaluate, orange/red = overvalued/sell.
NUPL – shows how many holders are currently in profit or loss. If most are in profit, the risk of a correction is higher. If most are at a loss, it may signal a buying opportunity.
Reserve Risk – gauges buying risk by comparing BTC price to how many coins are held long-term. More long-term holdings generally mean lower risk.
MVRV – compares current price to the price at which coins were acquired. Shows how many investors are in profit.
2 Year MA – a midpoint for price. A strong move above it can signal a bubble; a fall back to it can indicate correction or capitulation.
200 Week MA Heatmap – shows how hot or cold the current price is relative to the long-term trend. Bright red is often a sell zone.

From experience, its better to react to market movement than to try to predict it.

Key fundamental metrics for assessing Bitcoin also include the number of active users and transaction volume, rather than any single indicator.

The following indicators also help find movement patterns:

Puell Multiple – shows how profitable mining is for miners. A high value means miners are incentivized to sell, putting selling pressure on price.
Golden Ratio Indicator – shows price levels built on Fibonacci/golden ratio levels.
Logarithmic Growth Curves – indicate whether price follows a historical model of slowing but steady growth. Exceeding the upper curve implies a bubble; falling to the lower curve implies strong undervaluation.
RHODL Ratio – shows when newcomers (speculators) are actively buying BTC from experienced holders. A high value is a sign of euphoria and a market top.
Illiquid Supply Change – indicates whether large players are accumulating coins (bullish) or moving them to sell (bearish).

Also important are exchange inflows/outflows - inflows to exchanges often precede sell-offs, while outflows often signal accumulation phases.

Its important to understand that you have only 1.93% of the time in the cycle to catch the peak.

Its over - you missed it!

Price history shows that Bitcoin spends only about 1.93% of the time above a certain orange line - roughly ~26 days per cycle - when achieving maximum profit is most likely.

This is a narrow window and missing it can lead to significant financial losses.

It takes about 3 years, 10 months and 2 weeks from the previous cycle peak to return to this window.

Below is annual BTC return (%) for each year starting from 2011 - i.e., how many percent the price rose or fell in a given calendar year.

You can see a cycle: 3 years of growth - then 1 year of decline. There was also a drop in BTC dominance due to a shift into altcoins. This usually accompanies the end of a bull market.

Current BTC dominance does not confirm such an ending, however the probability of a sharp reversal always remains.

Watch the BTC dominance indicator here. Why historically did an altcoin phase follow Bitcoin?

Is the altcoin cycle dead?

Historically, after a Bitcoin peak there has been a tendency for altcoins to rally, usually lasting about 2–3 weeks. This creates an additional window to take profits, as investors rotate funds from Bitcoin into altcoins for a final leg up.

However, there are reasons to believe the altcoin cycle is broken. The Altcoin Season Index also shows interest mainly concentrated in BTC.

The reason is that speculative capital that used to flow into altcoins now finds exits in memecoins and in stocks of companies holding Bitcoin.

The traditional altcoin-season as we knew it may not repeat. The current cycle is characterized by unprecedented concentration of capital and interest in Bitcoin. Time will tell.

Other cycles

To fully understand Bitcoin cycle phenomena, learn about other regularities. The most popular is the Pi Cycle Top.

Pi Cycle Top

Pi Cycle Top Indicator is a historical peak indicator for BTC cycles. It has two averaged lines (~111 days and 350 days×2). If the short line crosses the long one from above, it is a strong peak signal and potential large correction.

Many traders rely on the crossing of the Pi Cycle Top lines. However, the fact that those lines have not yet crossed and show no sign of quickly converging is interpreted by some as an indication that the current bull cycle is not yet exhausted.

Some argue that Pi Cycle Top has stopped working because institutional investors entered the market. Their actions changed demand structure, making it steadier and less emotional.

Market capitalization

Reaching a $1–2 trillion market cap changed everything. Such a large market size means far bigger capital flows are now required to move the price.

Retail investors can no longer move the market significantly. This has led to reduced volatility.

Energy gravity

Energy gravity is a concept explaining that the cost of Bitcoin mining acts like an attractive force, constraining its price and shaping market cycles.

The chart shows that mining cost (orange line) soars during bull markets (2017, 2021). Why? Because high BTC prices draw massive amounts of new mining equipment, which sharply increases network difficulty. Mining one BTC becomes more expensive.

In this cycle, the mechanism on this chart has weakened or no longer works in the same way.

The reason is the emergence of a new, powerful source of demand - institutional investors (ETFs). Their purchases absorb miners sales and create a consistent supporting pressure from below. This prevents price from falling back to mining cost as it did before. This fundamentally changes cycle dynamics.

The final cycle

Since new bitcoins are created only as miner rewards, when that reward halves, the issuance rate immediately halves as well. This shows up as a step on the chart.

Within the crypto community theres a theory that after several halvings Bitcoins inflation will be so low that it will become an absolutely scarce asset.

BTC issuance will be lower than that of gold and other scarce resources. At that point, its value as digital gold may be finally recognized by the global economy, and the sharp cyclical price swings weve seen in the past could disappear.

The deflationary effect is amplified by strong institutional demand, which is the main difference from past cycles.

Lets keep monitoring cycles together - add our site to your bookmarks!

And now to the conclusions.

Conclusions

Weve risen and fallen. Price soared, everyone went crazy with greed, and then it crashed 70–80%. We sat on forums and kept discovering something new about Bitcoin. The market used to be driven by ordinary people - everything followed a predictable 4-year scenario (from halving to halving).

But the big uncles with capital replaced ordinary people. The market changed. It turned from a speculative toy into a serious institutional asset bought by whales. This means the wild rollercoaster rides are likely behind us. The cycle became more boring, but also more stable. Bitcoin has matured.

To summarize:

The traditional four-year cycle may be disrupted, leading to a longer bull market synchronized with stock-market dynamics.
Bitcoin shows a trend of declining returns across market cycles.
The price peak lasts about 26 days.
Seasonally, Q4 is the strongest quarter for BTC.
Historical Bitcoin cycles show that volatility and potential losses decrease with each subsequent cycle.
A bull cycle may not be as explosive as before due to market maturity and new financial instruments, which can lead to a more prolonged rise.

And remember that the only thing we can control is our risk!

Disclaimer. all information provided in this article should not be construed as financial advice. The article was created for educational purposes. Never invest more than you can afford to lose, and consult only your personal financial advisor for advice.

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Как обновить прошивку Ellipal Titan 2.0 и Ellipal Mini

Максим Анисимов — Tue, 27 May 2025 11:34:43 +0000

Guide to Updating the Firmware for Ellipal Titan 2.0 and Ellipal Mini Wallets

Максим Анисимов Tue, 05/27/2025 - 14:55

Contents

The Ellipal firmware update enhances security (fixes vulnerabilities), adds support for new cryptocurrencies and tokens, and optimizes the interface and operational stability.

Before performing any update, always make sure you have a backup of your seed phrase. If the update process is interrupted or the device fails, without the seed phrase it will be impossible to restore access to your funds!

Step 1 – Prepare the microSD Card

To update your wallet, first prepare an empty microSD card. Most often, this card comes included with the device.

Connect the SD card to your PC and make sure it is formatted as FAT32 for the update to work correctly. To do this, right-click the card → Properties → File system.

Format the card if it is not in FAT32. Right-click the card → Format → File system: FAT32 → Start.

Step 2 – Download the Firmware

Go to the official Ellipal website and locate the Firmware Update section at the top of the page.

On the update page, select your device model.

Scroll down to the guide and click Download. Save the file to the SD card.

Attention: do not rename or extract the downloaded file. Copy the file in its original format so that it is the only file on the memory card.

Step 3 – Insert the Card into the Wallet

Ellipal uses a special adapter with a slot for the microSD. Inside the adapter is a microcontroller that mounts the memory card and passes its contents to the wallet itself. The correct operation of this chain determines the success of the update.

The update process is identical for both Titan and MINI. For Titan 2.0, a dock station with a microSD slot is used. For Mini, a simple adapter is used.

For Titan MINI:

For Ellipal Titan 2.0:

A blue light on the indicator means that the card has been successfully recognized and is ready for reading. A green light means that the card is NOT mounted and the update is not possible.

Sometimes the LED never turns blue and stays green the entire time. In this case, based on experience, the solution is as follows. Completely power off the adapter for at least 1 second (ideally 5 minutes to fully discharge the microcontroller). Then power it back on, and the LED should immediately blink blue.

It is important that if the blue indicator does not light up or you see the Examination Failed error, you should not simply reboot the wallet—it is necessary to disconnect and reconnect the adapter to the power source. This will reboot the microcontroller and allow it to mount the SD card.

Step 4 – Start the Update

Next, turn on the wallet and go to the menu Settings → Update.

If the SD card is recognized correctly, the device will display the firmware file name and the current version.

Tap Start Update and a progress bar will appear, copying and installing the firmware.

The update may take up to 5–10 minutes. Do not disconnect the power or remove the wallet from the adapter during this time. Upon successful completion, a message will appear: Updated successfully.

Congratulations. You have successfully updated the firmware and can now use your wallet.

In the guide on the mobile app, you will learn how to instantly synchronize balances, receive market movement notifications, and securely sign transactions.

In the guide on Ellipal Titan, you will learn how to set up hidden accounts with a separate passphrase option to conceal your wallet and maximize anonymity.

In the guide on Ellipal Mini with IP65 protection, you will discover how Mini offers the same advanced features as the full Titan, but in a more budget-friendly and portable format.

Summary

After a successful update, in the menu Settings → About, you will see the new firmware version displayed.

After the update, you may notice new networks/tokens, interface improvements, bug fixes (for example, recalculation of transaction fees, support for Taproot, a new version of the OS inside the wallet, etc.).

Technical Support:

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Что такое Цифровой Рубль? Как он работает? Когда запустится? Это криптовалюта?

Антон Састрпцин — Thu, 02 Mar 2023 12:55:22 +0000

What is the Digital Ruble? How does it work? When will it be launched? Is it a cryptocurrency?

Антон Састрпцин Thu, 04/06/2023 - 15:26

Contents

Digital Ruble what is it: a quick answer

Highlights:

The digital ruble is not a cryptocurrency, but it is protected by crypto encryption and created on a centralized blockchain
The digital ruble is no different from the cash ruble and the modern non-cash ruble (bank transfer)
1 Digital ruble = 1 cash ruble (and non-cash too).
The digital ruble will not replace cash and non-cash payments, but will only complement them
You will not lose digital rubles, even if your bank closes!
The digital ruble belongs to the Bank of Russia
You can pay with a digital ruble abroad
The digital ruble will be launched in April 2023
The digital Ruble will not be traded on a cryptocurrency exchange, like, for example, USDT
Digital ruble reliable, fast and safe

What is the digital ruble?

The Digital Ruble (CBDC) is a new, official and additional form of the Russian national currency, which will be issued by the Bank of Russia in digital form (electronic). The digital ruble will be able to combine the properties of both cash and non-cash rubles.

Like non-cash money (online payment), the digital ruble makes remote payments possible. At the same time, just like cash, the digital ruble can be used offline - that is, even if there is no access to the Internet.

The digital ruble will be available to the following economic entities:

Citizens
All types of business
To all participants of the financial market
Government

Just like cash and non-cash rubles, the digital ruble will perform all 3 standard functions of money, namely:

Means of payment
Measure of value
Savings

Simply put, a digital ruble is the same ruble as the one used in a bank transfer: it cannot be touched (it has no physical analogue like cash), but at the same time its value is exactly the same as that of cash. It was created as a more convenient, modern means of payment to reduce costs (on logistics, commissions, production, etc.), and most importantly, it is faster, more reliable and safer. Yes, the digital ruble is not a cryptocurrency, but it has a centralized (state) blockchain and is protected by crypto encryption!

Important! If a user starts a digital wallet for a digital ruble only through 1 bank, and this bank eventually closes, then the user will not lose access to their digital rubles! Whatever the amount of digital rubles in the wallet, users will continue to be able to safely use their funds through other banks in which they are serviced!

Each digital ruble will have its own unique number, just like cash, so it will be easy to track their movement in case of theft.

Also, digital rubles can be bequeathed and inherited, while, importantly, close people (relatives) will be able to receive an inheritance from a digital account necessary to pay for the funeral, before the expiration of 6 months from the date of the announcement of the inheritance.

What is the digital ruble equal to?

The digital ruble is the same ruble as cash and non–cash.

Now 1 non-cash ruble = 1 cash ruble, and 1 digital ruble = 1 cash (or non-cash) ruble!

All 3 forms (cash, non-cash, digital) of the Russian ruble will be absolutely equivalent.

Digital Ruble to Dollar

As we wrote earlier, the digital ruble does not differ from the usual cash (and non-cash) ruble. Therefore, a digital ruble will cost the same to the dollar as a regular ruble!

When will the digital ruble be launched?

Initially, the digital ruble was planned to be launched in 2024. However, in February 2023, it was decided that the digital ruble would be launched in April 2023.

On this occasion , the Deputy Governor of the Bank of Russia said:

"The pilot phase will work with real operations for real people, but only for a limited number of them, with 13 banks that have declared their readiness."

List of 13 banks: Alfa-Bank, Sberbank, TKB, Ak Bars, VTB, Dom.RF, Tinkoff Bank, Gazprombank, Rosbank, PSB, Soyuz bank, SKB-bank.

Will the digital ruble replace cash and non-cash payments?

No, the digital ruble will not replace cash! It is considered not as a replacement for cash or non-cash rubles, but as an addition to existing forms of money.

Official response:

Simply put, not all segments of the population will be able to switch to the digital ruble. A vivid example of this is pensioners who will not be able to switch to a new, complex system. Many people are still more comfortable receiving cash and paying only with it.

It takes a lot of time to replace a cash payment with a digital ruble. At this stage, the digital ruble will be introduced to the masses, and after a few generations, when everyone will be able to use digital money without problems, they will be able to replace cash! But a complete replacement of cash is not yet planned.

What is the digital ruble for?

The most important advantage of the digital ruble over cash and non-cash payments:

The digital ruble will make payments even faster, safer and easier.
The development of digital payments will lead to a reduction in the cost of payment services, as well as money transfers.
The sender will be able to label digital rubles at will, so that the recipient spends them only for certain set goals. This ensures transparency of transfers and circulation of the money supply.

Now let's look at this in more detail.

What is the security of this system? All operations with digital rubles will take place on the regulator's platform, and they are also protected using cryptography. The Bank of Russia will be able to track transactions of digital wallets and guarantees the safety of money.

Why will the digital ruble be faster? Transactions with digital rubles pass through a digital wallet and this happens almost instantly and without pauses — 24/7 (for example, how the Fast Payment System (SBP) works now). This applies not only to transfers between people, but also payments to company accounts.

What is the convenience of the digital ruble over cash and non-cash payments? Anyone can conclude secure transactions (so-called smart contracts) directly on the regulator's platform. Under these contracts, payment in digital rubles will be carried out automatically with the strict fulfillment of the pre-prescribed terms of the contract.

What is the transparency of the digital ruble? The sender of digital rubles will be able to label them so that the recipient spends them only for the specified purposes. For example, parents will be able to label digital rubles that they transfer to their children, and the marked funds can be spent, for example, only on paying for lunches and travel (or something else).

All this will serve as an incentive for innovation both in the field of retail payments and in other areas, and will support the development of the digital economy. Reducing the dependence of users on individual providers will increase the stability of the country's financial system.

Will the digital ruble be able to pay for purchases abroad?

The digital ruble has not yet been put into circulation, so this answer is purely theoretical.

Theoretically, it is possible to pay for goods abroad, moreover, various states are already experimenting with cross-border payments in digital currencies.

But at the same time, when using the digital ruble, the same question arises as when using other types of money.

For example, if a user sends a digital ruble to China, then you need to make sure that the Chinese get the coverage they need for it (in rubles, yuan, gold, etc.). It will be necessary to set exchange rates for such types of transactions.

The main question for many is: "Will digital rubles be able to replace the bank cards or SWIFT bank transfers that are not working abroad?" - they may be able to, but, again, the answer to this question is still theoretical.

Advantages of the digital ruble

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of non-cash money.

The digital ruble should become a new, convenient, additional means of payment for both sellers and buyers, especially in remote, hard-to-reach and sparsely populated areas where access to financial infrastructure is severely limited.

Thanks to the digital ruble, the coverage of the population with financial services will increase, which will become more accessible, which will eventually improve the quality of people's lives.

In general, the advantages of the digital ruble are many: from reducing logistics costs to security and increasing the coverage of the population with financial services!

How to use a digital ruble?

Using a digital ruble will be as easy and simple as using a bank card or an electronic wallet (for example, Qiwi).

As we wrote earlier, all transactions of the digital ruble can be carried out both online and offline.

To perform transactions offline, without Internet access, users will be able to pay in advance by reserving a certain amount of digital rubles in their electronic wallet (this is similar to how you just put cash in your wallet at home), in places where cards are not accepted.

In the online mode, transactions are performed similarly by bank transfer (as with a bank card).

The main difference is that you can have any number of electronic or bank accounts, and only one digital wallet.

How to create a digital ruble wallet?

Presumably there will be the following procedure:

The user creates a digital wallet of the digital ruble using the mobile application of any bank (in which he is registered) participating in the digital ruble program (platform). Then he gets access through the applications of other banks connected to the platform.
Next, the user puts money in the wallet. Through Internet banking or mobile banking, users will be able to replenish their digital wallet with any amounts they need from their regular (current) bank account.
After that, the user can make transfers to organizations (online stores and others), ordinary people. To do this, you need to: specify the phone number of the recipient of digital rubles (the owner of another wallet), after which he will receive funds instantly. Please note that it does not matter which bank your recipient is a client of — the money between digital ruble wallets goes through the Bank of Russia platform.

How to pay for goods and services in digital rubles? Everything is simple here: digital rubles are transferred from your wallet to the wallet of the company (store). All you will need to make a payment is to scan the seller's QR code through the mobile application in your bank.

It is also very easy to convert digital rubles back into non-cash money. Digital rubles from a digital wallet can be transferred back to your bank account in any of your banks connected to the digital ruble platform!

What are the commissions of the digital ruble?

Users, sole proprietors and companies have the opportunity to create a digital wallet by signing a standard digital account agreement with one of the banks that is connected to the platform.

The bank, in turn, will charge a commission for transactions. However, these commissions will not exceed the amount set by the Central Bank.

According to the chairman of the Central Bank, digital accounts should reduce the cost of settlements.

The tariffs of the digital ruble will not be higher than in the current "System of Fast payments" (SBP), that is, they will amount to 0.4–0.7% of the amount.

Can scammers steal a digital ruble from accounts?

Quick answer: only by tricks such as social engineering.

The main thing here is to understand that the digital ruble is different from the non-cash payment we are used to, since it has cryptographic protection and is based on the blockchain!

All user data is kept in the strictest confidentiality with the use of the latest cyber defense technologies.

Any transaction in digital rubles takes place only if the user confirms it with his electronic signature.

But at the same time, you should not lose vigilance, since scammers will always try to lure money (for example, with the help of social engineering tricks).

At the moment, if the user transfers funds to scammers himself, or accidentally informs them of confidential information that will give fraudsters access to the victim's accounts, then banks will not always help to return the funds, or help, but the proceedings may drag on for a long time.

In the case of the digital ruble, it will be possible not only to compensate for the victim's losses, but also to quickly track down the movement of funds by criminals. All this is possible due to the fact that all operations with the digital ruble take place on a single, centralized platform of the regulator (centralized blockchain) and the actions of the attackers can be tracked and see which wallet the stolen funds went to.

Can the digital ruble create inflation?

The digital ruble will not create inflation, since more or less money will not appear in the country because of the digital ruble.

The digital ruble is just a new form of money! There will be no additional issue of money due to the appearance of the digital ruble, which means that this will not affect prices and their growth.

What should I do if something breaks?

The Bank of Russia will create a single portal for digital ruble users.

Applications from users will be sent to 2 places at once: to the regulator and your bank, in whose mobile application the user could not, for example, receive a transfer or make it.

Users will be able to ask all these or other questions in real time 24/7 in the CB Online chat.

Now let's answer the question in more detail, what is the central bank's digital currency?

What is the central bank's digital currency?

The central bank's digital currency (CBDC) is money that can be issued by a country's central bank. They are called digital (or electronic) because they are not physical money like banknotes and coins (paper/metal money).

The central bank's digital currency can be represented as an amount on a computer or similar device.

The Bank of Russia is the central bank of Russia, and it is carefully studying the idea of a central bank digital currency for Russia.

The central bank's digital currency is a type of digital money.

How does the digital ruble differ from the cryptocurrency?

Most likely, you have heard about Bitcoin, Ethereum and USDT. These are examples of private digital assets (sometimes called cryptocurrencies or crypto assets). CBDC differs from crypto assets in several important aspects:

Firstly, crypto assets are issued privately. If something goes wrong with the crypto asset, the central bank or the government will not be able to intervene.
Secondly, the value of the crypto asset is unstable. It can rise or fall quickly in a very short period of time. This is not ideal when making payments. Unlike cryptocurrencies (such as Bitcoin), digital rubles will be stable and retain their value over time!
Also, cryptocurrencies are decentralized and this is not always good. The digital ruble will be fully centralized and supported by the state.

As we have already said, cryptocurrencies are not regulated and are most often decentralized. Their price is determined by investor sentiment, external political situations, regulations, use and interest on the part of investors.

You need to understand that cryptocurrencies are volatile assets that are more suitable for speculation (earning on the difference in exchange rates, holding coins before the onset of growth - hype, and others). All this makes them impossible candidates for use in a financial system that requires stability.

CBDCs reflect the value of the fiat currency and are designed to ensure stability and security.

How does the digital ruble differ from the modern cashless payment?

From the point of view of the use of bright differences will not be. The digital ruble will be faster than non-cash payments (as for domestic and foreign transfers), and it will also become much safer and more secure.

Also, users affected by fraudsters will now be more likely to return the stolen funds (meaning those that they sent themselves, due to the same social engineering).

In general, all this is very similar to a standard, familiar to everyone, bank account, but with one very important difference.

At the moment, the money of users (enterprises, etc.), lies on accounts in commercial banks. Digital rubles will be stored directly in the Central Bank, that is, with the state, which is more reliable and safer.

Is the digital ruble a cryptocurrency?

Despite the fact that the idea of digital currencies of the central bank (CB) comes from cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology directly, CBDC are not cryptocurrencies.

CBDC are controlled by a central authority - the state, whereas cryptocurrencies are almost all decentralized, which means that they cannot be regulated by one authority, and they also lack guarantees of consumer protection and their value is subject to serious fluctuations (volatility).

On the official website of the Central Bank, there is a detailed answer whether the digital ruble is a cryptocurrency:

"The digital ruble is an obligation of the central bank, implemented through digital technologies and has nothing to do with "cryptocurrencies". This is a fiat currency, that is, a currency whose stability of functioning is provided by the state in the person of the central bank"

How does the digital currency (digital ruble) differ from Stablecoin?

The most important difference between a digital currency (of any country) and a stablecoin is that the stable coin is not official, it was issued by a private company. Yes, most often it is tied to some asset (USD, EURO, oil or gold, and so on), and the digital currency belongs to the state, and it regulates it.

If the stablecoin dies, depositors will lose all funds, and the digital currency is supported by the state, and it will always regulate all processes.

A striking example is the stable TerraUSD coin (USTC), which collapsed in 2022 and all depositors (holders in this coin) lost all their funds!

Also an example of the Tether (USDT) coin, which had courts with the US SEC at the beginning of 2022, because of which the price of the stable coin sank a little.

Therefore, from the point of view of reliability, the digital currency greatly benefits, since it is protected by the state!

Will cryptocurrency exchanges accept the digital ruble?

In our usual understanding for exchange on the stock exchange (example of exchange: USDT / BTC), there will be no such listing, and it is impossible.

Most likely, cryptocurrency exchanges that now allow you to deposit /withdraw Rubles will accept a new type of replenishment with Rubles on their platform – through the Digital Ruble platform.

However, this may not happen.

Is it possible to make money on the digital ruble as a cryptocurrency?

Нет, цифровой рубль, как мы уже сказали, это такой же рубль, как и наличный. Он не подвержен высокой волатильности, как криптовалюты, такие как, к примеру, Bitcoin.

Therefore, you will not be able to earn on a digital ruble as a separate asset (in the usual sense of earning on cryptocurrency), but you can use it as an accumulation!

Conclusion

Цифровой рубль – это будущая ступень развития платежной системы.

This is a really convenient, innovative, modern and most importantly reliable (safe) solution.

The digital ruble has a huge future that will soon affect all of us!

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Что майнить после перехода Ethereum на POS? Список профитных для майнинга монет. Стоит ли собирать майнинг фермы?

Максим Анисимов — Mon, 05 Sep 2022 12:58:32 +0000

What to mine after switching Ethereum to POS? A list of profitable coins for mining. Is it worth collecting mining farms?

Максим Анисимов Tue, 09/06/2022 - 13:45

Contents

On September 15, 2022, Ethereum switched to POS. People have a lot of questions:

Will mining be profitable further?
What to mine? Are there any more profit coins?
Which is better: sell mining farms? Or keep it for yourself?
Is it worth collecting new mining farms?

We will answer these and other questions in this article!

Please note, this article is not financial advice! It's up to you to decide what to mine / buy!

Why can't Ethereum be mined anymore?

Ethereum is one of the most profitable cryptocurrencies for mining on the GPU. Since its creation (July 20, 2015), the cryptocurrency has been working on the Proof-of-Work algorithm, that is, it could be mined on video cards.

Since September 2022, Ethereum has switched to a new algorithm - Proof-of-Stake. This algorithm does not support the usual mining on video cards for everyone.

Now the confirmation of the network will be carried out only with the help of validators. They will carry out work on confirming new transactions using Staking and receive a reward in Ethereum for this.

The current yield for Staking ETH is 4 - 4.5%. To become an Ethereum validator, you must have at least 32 ETH on a deposit contract.

Profit coins for mining after Ethereum leaves for POS

At the time of writing (September 2022), there are many profitable coins for mining on video cards. These are coins such as:

Coin	Algorithm	Miner
Ethereum Classic	Etchash	Phoenixminer
Kaspa (KAS)	kHeavyHash	GMiner
Ravencoin	KawPow	GMiner
Ergo	Autolykos	Lolminer
Neoxa	KawPow	GMiner
Conflux	Octopus	Nanominer
Sero	ProgPow	PhoenixMiner; ProgPOW Miner
Zano	ProgPowZ	T-Rex miner
Aeternity	CuckooCycle	Bminer
Flux	ZelHash	Lolminer
Firo	FiroPow	Nanominer

And many other coins. As you can see, there are a lot of POW coins on the market and they are all trading well:

Therefore, there should be no problems with mining and selling these coins.

The main thing is not to store coins directly on the exchange, use wallets: official, multi-currency, hardware and others. Storing coins on the exchange is very dangerous, since there have been many cases of hacking exchanges in the entire history of cryptocurrencies.

But how profitable are these coins? Will they be able to generate the same income as Ethereum did? We'll talk about this in the next chapter.

How to continue mining after switching ETH to POS (September 15)?

There are several mining scenarios after Ethereum leaves for POS:

On September 15, you can manually switch your mining farms to another coin, for example, to Ethereum Classic, Ravencoin, Ergo or any other coin. To do this, you will need to create in advance .Bat file for the desired coin. The following miners are suitable: Phoenix Miner, Lolminer, GMiner
The second option is to configure the desired coin in advance using the reserve pool (Failover Pools). In Phoenix Miner, you can immediately put Ethereum Classic mining, as soon as ETH mining becomes unavailable, the miner will automatically switch to mining ETC. In Lolminer, you can also use the reserve pool to specify any other coin, for example, FLUX. As soon as ETH becomes unavailable, lolMiner will switch to FLUX mining.

There is nothing complicated in this, just do not forget to set up your rigs in advance in a way that is convenient for you.

We will discuss which coin is better to mine after leaving ETH for POS later in the article.

Mining income after leaving Ethereum for POS. Who will replace Ethereum?

Ethereum has been the leader in GPU mining for the last couple of years! Most often, this coin was the most profitable and helped to quickly recoup the collected mining rig.

But what about now? What coin can replace Ethereum?

As we have already said, there are many profitable coins for mining. From time to time they will compete with each other for the first place.

At the moment, there is no clear leader, but there are top successful, reliable and profitable coins:

Ravencoin
Ergo
Firo, Flux and etc.

Ethereum Classic is a reliable and also profitable coin (which is worth mining for a long time – use a hold), but we did not include it in the top 3, because there is one thing here, which we will talk about later.

Please note that all these places are not stable, and may change frequently (depending on the hype of a particular coin, complexity, and so on).

Why have we singled out Ethereum Classic separately? The thing is that Ethereum Classic is mined not only on video cards, there are still many Asics under this algorithm (the lion's share is with up to 4 GB of memory). The DAG size of the ETC file is 3.063 Gb.

This means that asics with 4 Gb of memory can safely mine ETC. And with the departure of ETH to POS, the complexity of ETC will become even greater (new video cards that left ETH will be transferred), which means that the income from this coin will temporarily decrease.

Etc will overcome the DAG mark of 4 GB only in August 2025, and it is not a fact that even more new Asics with a DAG size above 4 Gb will not appear under this algorithm!

Now let's see how much all these coins bring in mining and how much are they behind Ethereum?

All further calculations will be carried out on 1 video card – Nvidia 3080 LHR.

Ergo

Let's start with the most profitable (at the time of writing) coin – Ergo.

One video card can make a profit:

$2.00 per day (without deduction of the light fee).

At the time of writing, 1 GPU 3080 LHR brings (Ethereum):

$2.13 (without deduction for light).

It turns out that the payback on the Ergo cryptocurrency will be a little bit longer, unlike Ethereum, but this difference is not critical. ERGO also trades well and is represented on 7 exchanges!

Ethereum Classic

Ethereum Classic is the most reliable POW coin after ETH. Unlike other POW coins, it is in the top 20 coins by capitalization, is represented on a huge number of exchanges and has high trading volumes.

And what is important, many believe that ETC (after leaving ETH for POW) will become the new leader in POW mining!

At the time of writing, 1 GPU 3080 LHR brings:

1.13$ (without deduction of the light fee).

Yes, it is less than ERGO, but ETC itself is more reliable and is represented on 80+ exchanges, against 7 exchanges at ERGO.

It's up to you to decide which coin to mine. But do not forget to use the what to mine online calculator to check the profitability of a particular coin!

Ravencoin

This old and quite popular cryptocurrency is represented on 37 exchanges with large trading volumes.

At the time of writing, 1 GPU 3080 LHR brings:

$1.57 (without deduction of the light fee).

These are not bad indicators, considering what is happening on the market right now – "crypto winter".

Neoxa

A new cryptocurrency, the start of trading – 07/19/2022. The coin is traded on only 2 exchanges with a total daily trading volume of $1,319,067.

At the time of writing, 1 GPU 3080 LHR brings:

$2.05 (without deduction of the light fee).

At the moment, this is the most profitable coin for mining, but at the same time the most dangerous. If you have large capacities, then we would not advise you to hold this coin, since it is traded on only 2 exchanges and has relatively small trading volumes, which indicates its unreliability.

At any moment, the coin can be delisted from the exchange, it may turn out to be a scam, or the exchange where it is traded will be hacked at all, and the coin will become useless: there have been many such examples in the history of cryptocurrency

In our opinion, it is possible to mine this coin with small capacities and according to the following principle: sell 80% within 2-5 days, hold 20% for no more than 6 months in anticipation of a small hype and transfer the mined coins into more reliable assets, such as ETH, BTC, ETC.

Mining results after the departure of ETH

As you can see, there are a lot of profitable and reliable coins, and most likely more and more new coins will continue to fill this niche!

It is impossible to single out an absolute winner who will 100% replace ETH right now. At first, you will definitely have to use online calculators in search of a more profitable coin, since the first place will change from time to time.

Of the clear winners now, coins such as:

Ergo
Ravencoin
Flux, Conflux, Firo
Ethereum Classic

Of all the coins presented, the reliability rating will be as follows:

Ethereum Classic
Ravencoin
Ergo
Flux

It's up to you to decide which coin to mine. We will definitely leave part of the mining capacity on ETC and part of the power will be scattered over the remaining profit coins.

Is it worth selling mining farms because of the departure of ETH?

We can't decide for you because there are a lot of key factors here:

Price for electricity
The territorial location of the mining farm relative to your location
Models of your video cards
Video card status
Your attitude to mining

Next, we will reveal all these points in more detail.

Price for electricity

The first and most important point in the matter of selling mining farms is the price of your electricity.

If electricity is expensive in your region, above $ 0.25, then in this case you can think about selling a mining farm, since the rest of the coins (except ETH) are not so stable, and mining, especially in the midst of crypto winter, can be a minus for you!

Otherwise, if you have very cheap or even free electricity, you should not give up mining, since it will bring passive income.

But it's up to you to make the final decision.

Territoriality of mining farms

The second most important point. If you can't switch between cryptocurrencies often to find the most profitable cryptocurrency, then this is a reason to think about selling.

Yes, of course, you can mine one coin at once, for example, ETC or ERGO, but the coin rate may drop significantly, or the complexity may increase dramatically.

And in this case, mining of these coins can become dramatically unprofitable.

Of course, if you mine for a long time and are calmly ready to pay the price for electricity out of your pocket, then this should not interfere with you. However, if you withdraw some of the mined coins to pay electricity bills, this may become a problem for you.

Models of your video cards

If you have outdated models of video cards, such as AMD 470, 480, 570, 580 or Nvidia 1060 (3gb / 6 gb), 1050 T I, 1060, 1070, 1080 and below, then in this case you should think about selling.

Most likely, mining itself will profit you for another year or two, but in the future these cards will become useless.

Example of revenue from 1 AMD 470 graphics card:

They are already quite old in themselves and it makes sense to sell them.

However, if you believe in the hype of cryptocurrencies in the near future, you can wait for it and sell your mining farms much more profitable than selling them now – in the midst of the crypto winter.

Video card status

The state and model of the video card can be partially combined into 1 point. If you have old video cards and they are not in very good condition, then there is definitely a reason to think about selling them.

Even if you have new video cards, and they have not been cared for, they are in constant overheating, dust, then you should also think about resale.

However, if your cards are in perfect condition, the models are not old, then you can mine in plus for a long time!

Your attitude to mining

If you do not believe in the further profitability of mining or for you it has always been passive income, where you assembled a mining farm, put it to mine under Ethereum and did not touch the farm for months / years, then this is a reason to think about selling.

yes, you can also bet on a long-term, for example, ETC, but it is not a fact that it will always be beneficial for your video cards.

Or you can put the ERGO coin, which now occupies the 1st place after the departure of ETH, but it is not a fact that by mining this coin for a long time, it will not collapse in price, it will not lose interest from investors (people to whom you will sell this coin on the exchange) and so on, what was with many coins not from the top 50!

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Полный гайд по RSI - от разоблачения мифов к эффективным стратегиям

Максим Анисимов — Fri, 05 Sep 2025 10:40:22 +0000

The Ultimate RSI Handbook - Separating Myths from Winning Strategies

Максим Анисимов Fri, 09/05/2025 - 14:15

Содержание

This indicator will help you identify the optimal time to buy or sell an asset by providing a measure of trend strength. It also issues warnings about potential reversals and helps filter out false signals.

However, 99% of people actually use this indicator completely wrong! If you rely only on the classic interpretation of overbought and oversold, you will face false signals and other inaccuracies.

First, let's simply define what RSI is.

RSI, or the Relative Strength Index, is an indicator for measuring the strength of a trend that shows who currently dominates the market - buyers or sellers.

In other words, the RSI shows when price has moved up or down too far.

Use a simple analogy to remember it easily. RSI is like a speedometer in a car - a momentum oscillator that measures the speed and magnitude of price changes. The speedometer shows who is pressing the pedal - the buyers or the sellers.

Accordingly, the chart below marks the overbought and oversold points. An asset is considered overbought when its price is too high, and oversold when its price is too low.

RSI lives in a small panel, usually below the price chart.

The indicator always displays a value ranging from 0 to 100.

An RSI value above 50 indicates bullish bias - higher prices and an uptrend. In other words, traders are running out of buying strength.
And a value below 50 indicates bearish bias - lower prices and a downtrend. In other words, there is no strength left in selling.

In the chart example we have 47.10 - a neutral range.

RSI compares average moves over the last 14 candles. Although this indicator can be adjusted to other periods.

On crypto markets RSI spends significantly more time above 70 than below 30.

We won't bore you with the complicated formula for the indicator. It's far more important to help you understand how to use the indicator profitably in your trading.

It's important to understand that not every RSI configuration is effective, so read on to learn about optimal settings.

How to use it

RSI is applied in four main ways:

The classic use of overbought and oversold zones.
Eliminating false signals. Done via settings adjustments.
Combining RSI with additional indicators, e.g., a moving average or Bollinger Bands, to confirm signals.
Using divergences as reversal signals.

Using only one method is fundamentally wrong!

Market context is king. All these tools together give you the context that a single RSI cannot. You're not looking at one indicator in isolation but at the whole picture, which dramatically increases your chances of a successful trade.

The classic overbought/oversold approach

First, take a look at the indicator itself below:

Add RSI to the chart, and draw two horizontal lines at levels 70 and 30. These levels separate the overbought and oversold zones.

When RSI is above 70 a price drop is expected; when it's at 30 or below - a rise is expected. The examples on the chart confirm this rule:

After RSI moved above 70, price did fall; after it dropped below 30, price rose.

The classic approach teaches: when RSI is above 70 - the market is overbought and you should sell. When it is below 30 - the market is oversold and you should buy. Sounds logical, right?

But let's be honest. If you've ever traded, you quickly realize that yes, sometimes it works, but in half of the cases it doesn't work at all. Price can enter the scary red zone and just stay there. It can keep rising and wipe out all stop-losses in its path. Why? Because using RSI in the classical way has shortcomings which we will refine.

Drawbacks of this approach

Overbought/oversold signals are unreliable:

If something is oversold, that does not mean it cannot become even more oversold.
False signals. For example, applying this logic to a chart can produce 5 signals and 4 of them may be losing ones.
RSI cannot tell exactly how much the price will move up or down after a signal.

For example, with Bitcoin there were periods when RSI went above 70 and price kept rising for weeks, delivering up to 65% gains. Selling at the first touch of 70 would have cost you all that profit.

The chart below demonstrates that treating zones above 70 and below 30 as direct sell/buy signals is a major mistake.

RSI acts more as a trend and momentum indicator, not necessarily a reversal indicator!

However, the classic approach isn't completely wrong - it just needs to be refined with other methods. One way to improve RSI is to change a couple of default settings.

RSI variant that reduces false signals

Every indicator gives false signals - that's how markets work. So the goal is to reduce false signals and increase the share of winning trades.

First, go into RSI settings where the standard overbought/oversold levels are 70 and 30. We prefer to set them to 80 and 20. This reduces the number of signals, but those that remain will be stronger and less likely to be wrong.

The second step is to confirm signals across multiple timeframes. For example, if two RSI signals appear on the 1-hour chart, check the RSI on the daily timeframe. If there's no signal on the daily, you should not enter - there's no confirmation from the higher timeframe.

Experience has led to the rule: a signal on a lower timeframe (e.g., 1 hour) should be confirmed by a signal on a higher timeframe (e.g., 4 hours or daily). This filters out false entries.

Let's look at practical experience. Suppose we watch a 1-minute timeframe and price makes a parabolic move up, pushing RSI into the overbought zone. That's already a decent signal for a potential short, but we do not enter immediately!

First, move up to the next higher timeframe - the 5-minute chart. If RSI on that timeframe hasn't yet reached the overbought zone, we wait again.

Return to the 1-minute chart and if the price pulls back and then continues up - waiting was the right call.

Later, RSI on the 1-minute chart may re-enter the overbought zone and if at the same time the 5-minute RSI is also overbought and the 15-minute gives the same confirmation, this is a strong multi-timeframe signal for a short.

The third step is to wait for confirmation from price action (for example, a break of the two-candle low pattern).

Enter on the actual break of the low of those two candles (do not wait for the confirming candle to close) - that will be the moment to open the short.

Place a stop-loss just above the last local high / above the confirming candle.

The fourth step is to add VWAP (the volume-weighted average price for the day) from the indicators list.

Then partially take profit (for example, 50%) when RSI returns to the middle. Take the remainder when price returns to the VWAP.

This way we significantly reduced false signals. But that's not all! Look at other variants as well.

RSI + MA variant - combining indicators correctly

Never use RSI in isolation, because it's not a magic money-printing machine.

Its real power only unfolds when combined with other tools to confirm your ideas.

Working combinations include:

RSI + Moving Average (MA) - use MA as a trend filter. Price above the MA - look only for bullish RSI signals (e.g., bounces off the 50 level). Price below the MA - only bearish signals. This helps avoid trading against the trend.
RSI + Volume / VWAP - RSI signals (like divergence, described below) are stronger if confirmed by a volume spike and a reversal candle. VWAP can be used to take profit - partly at the RSI midline, fully only when VWAP is tested.
RSI + support and resistance levels - look for RSI reversal signals (like divergence) near key levels. Divergence at resistance is a sell signal; at support - a buy signal.
RSI + MACD / other oscillators - use MACD to confirm RSI signals. For example, a MACD crossover combined with RSI crossing above/below 50 significantly increases signal reliability. MACD acts as an additional filter.

Let's consider which combinations yield better results.

RSI + MACD

The pair of indicators significantly increases effectiveness. For example, RSI + MACD.

MACD - the moving average convergence/divergence - helps track trend direction and momentum strength.

The key signal is the MACD line crossing its signal line, which often points to a potential trend change.

Individually each of these indicators can sometimes give false signals. However, when used together they become more reliable.

We'll show a step-by-step use of RSI + MACD. Don't worry - it's simple.

First, stick to either the 15-minute or the 1-hour timeframe. Both are suitable for intraday trading.
Then wait for the MACD line to cross its signal line from above to below. That's your first buy signal. But we don't rely on a single indicator!
Now check the RSI. It should be rising from below 50, but should not yet be above 70. This is your momentum confirmation. Once both conditions are met, enter the trade at candle close.

Place the stop-loss just below the nearest local low.

To exit a position, aim for a risk/reward ratio of 1:2. If RSI approaches 70, you can take profit early. This system lets you trade with the impulse rather than guessing, and that is its strength.

Backtesting RSI+MACD

We ran a backtest in MetaTrader in just a few minutes.

In future guides we'll show how to write such a script even with zero programming skills and how to run a backtest in MetaTrader 5. So bookmark us so you don't miss it!

And here are the final results:

And here is the summary table from the backtest of the RSI+MACD strategy.

Metric	Result	Explanation
Total number of trades	16	Total number of executed trades
Win rate	50% (8 wins, 8 losses)	Half the trades were profitable
Net profit	$777	Total net profit for the test period
Starting balance	$10,000	Initial account balance
Growth	7.70%	Percentage account growth
Largest profit	$357	Largest profit on a single trade
Largest loss	$224	Largest loss on a single trade
Profit factor	2	Total profit was twice the total losses
Maximum drawdown	5%	Maximum drawdown (peak-to-trough)
Average winning trade	$190	Average profit on winning trades
Average losing trade	$93	Average loss on losing trades

As a result the strategy showed a 50% win rate, a return of about 7.7% on an initial $1,000 deposit, a profit factor of ~2, and a max drawdown of ~5%.

You need to test the approach yourself on other timeframes and assets.

RSI + Moving Average (MA)

This is one of the most effective and proven combinations, allowing you to filter out a huge number of false signals and trade strictly in the direction of the dominant trend.

The essence of the strategy is to use the moving average to determine the overall trend direction, and then use RSI to time entries within that trend.

It is enabled in the indicator settings under the Style tab.

The strategy is simple. If price is above the moving average, look for buying opportunities; if below - look for selling opportunities. Therefore, even if RSI indicates oversold, but the trend remains bearish (price under the MA), you do not enter a long to avoid falling into a trap!

MA can be used as a signal line, for example when RSI crosses the moving average from top to bottom as a buy signal within a portion of the trading strategy. Or simply as a way to smooth RSI readings.

Divergence - the royal strategy

Divergence is, without exaggeration, the strongest signal RSI can give. It's the secret sauce that lets you look under the hood of the market and see that the current trend's strength is waning before it becomes obvious on price charts.

Simply put, divergence is a discrepancy between price movement and the RSI indicator.

Divergence with RSI comes in two types:

Bearish - price forms a new higher high while RSI forms a lower high. A signal for a possible reversal downward.
Bullish - price forms a new lower low while RSI forms a higher low. A signal for a possible reversal upward.

In bearish divergence price makes a new higher high while RSI makes a lower high. That's your warning to consider taking profits or even exiting!

In bullish divergence price makes a new lower low while RSI makes a higher low. Price is falling and shouting that things are getting worse. But RSI, our momentum gauge, says: wait! Selling pressure is actually easing!

Practice shows divergences work best at extremes - i.e., when RSI is in an overbought zone (above 80) or an oversold zone (below 30). There they scream about a potential shift in momentum and a trend reversal.

Divergences can also be single or triple.

Single divergence - the classic case where price makes a new high and RSI makes a lower high (bearish), or vice versa.
Triple divergence - rarer but stronger, especially common in crypto. It occurs when price tries three times (or more) to update an extreme, while RSI successively makes lower peaks or higher troughs. This often signals trend exhaustion.

If you combine methods - for example, price is in an overbought zone, another indicator confirms it, and a bearish divergence appears - then open a short with a take-profit at the 50 RSI level. Such a composite approach increases the probability of a successful trade.

A common mistake is drawing a divergence before it is confirmed. You must wait for the price impulse to finish forming!

RSI Heatmap

An RSI heatmap is a tool that displays current RSI values for various coins or tokens in one place. Visually it is shown as a color scale from green (oversold) to red (overbought), allowing you to instantly assess the overall market situation.

There are filters by ecosystems (Solana, Ethereum, AI, Meme, etc.) and you can view only the segment you need.

Below is a selection of convenient RSI maps:

Coinglass – RSI map with categories
Crypto Market RSI Heatmap – top 100 coins on a heatmap.
Tradingdigits - top 50, L1, DEx, DeFi, Metaverse, AI, GameFi and memecoins.

Drawbacks

Things are not so smooth with this indicator. RSI doesn't account for the magnitude of moves. Small rises and sharp drops can look the same. Therefore RSI often lags and performs poorly in sideways markets. It is rarely used alone; trend indicators are usually added because of the large number of false signals.

Also, the indicator can constantly oscillate between levels 30 and 70, giving false buy and sell signals. As a result, a trader who follows every signal will constantly face drawdowns, taking loss after loss.

Other RSI drawbacks:

It lags
Gives false signals with default settings
Ineffective in sideways markets
Unreliable on low timeframes
Poor when used alone without other indicators
Does not provide precise timing of reversals.

Conclusions

This indicator can be used for both stocks and cryptocurrencies. It works best on higher timeframes (H4, daily). On lower timeframes (M15, M30, H1) it produces many false signals and is less effective.

The main misconception is that the overbought and oversold levels - 70 and 30 - supposedly signal a reversal. In practice this is almost always wrong! The indicator by itself does not predict actual highs and lows regardless of the overall trend.

The true purpose of RSI is to be a momentum indicator.

Divergences add another layer of edge. Bearish divergence forms when price updates higher highs while RSI shows lower highs, hinting at exhaustion of upward momentum and a likely correction.

What you can take away from this article:

There is no holy grail. The same strategy can perform differently across markets (trending vs sideways).
Use stop-losses, because no indicator gives 100% accurate signals.
Combine RSI with other analysis methods (price levels, volume, moving averages).
RSI is not about finding reversals at 70/30 - it's about assessing trend strength and finding quality entries with the trend (bounces off 50, divergences at extremes).

Write in the comments what else could be added.

Disclaimer: all information provided in this article should not be taken as financial advice! The article is for educational purposes only. Never invest more than you can afford to lose and consult only your personal financial advisor.

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Ловите пик в крипте через Pi Cycle Top Индикатор, а так же узанайте альтернативы

Максим Анисимов — Tue, 02 Sep 2025 09:51:20 +0000

Spot market tops in crypto using the Pi Cycle Top indicator - and explore alternative indicators

Максим Анисимов Tue, 09/02/2025 - 13:16

Содержание

Pi Cycle Top is one of the notable indicators used to identify the Bitcoin price peak, and its historical accuracy has been striking.

The indicator correctly predicted 4 BTC peaks: twice in 2013, then in 2017 and 2021. And in the last 4 times it signaled a top, BTC fell 52%–86% after reaching the peak.

It's crucial to understand this indicator, its historical precedents, and why it matters so much.

Additionally, you'll learn how it directly relates to your altcoin investments and whether Pi Cycle can be used to forecast prices.

Alright - we know the Pi Cycle indicator did quite well historically, but how exactly does it work?

What it is and how it works

The Pi Cycle Top Indicator consists of two lines derived from past Bitcoin prices. When the faster line crosses the slower line, it signals that BTC price may be nearing a local maximum and could start to decline.

The fast line (orange) is the average Bitcoin price over the last 111 days.
The slow line (green) is the average Bitcoin price over the last 350 days, multiplied by 2.

These lines on the chart are moving averages - simply the average Bitcoin price over the last X days, updated daily. Historically, when these lines crossed, a price peak tended to follow - and then a crash.

Below are charts of this indicator on various websites. Pick the one you find most convenient:

If you want to use the Pi Cycle indicator, it’s available in TradingView’s indicator list. To add it, click “Indicators” in the top-left corner, type “Pi Cycle”, select it from the results and click on it. The indicator will be added to the chart.

It's important to remember that no indicator is perfect, and there may come a time when it stops working. Although it performed exceptionally well in the past, that doesn't guarantee future results.

Still, historically this indicator has validated its usefulness.

Why Pi Cycle Top works

There are three theories explaining why the indicator works. The truth may be a mix of all three.

Behavioral theory. The crossing of moving averages signals an overly extended rally. When the short-term average crosses above the doubled long-term average, it suggests the rally is overstretched and a pullback is likely.
Mathematical theory. This relates to the number π. Dividing 350 by 111 gives about 3.153, while π ~ 3.142 to three decimal places. π appears in many natural patterns - in circle geometry, wave calculations, river shapes and planetary orbits - so some propose that similar numeric relationships might appear in Bitcoin cycles as well.
Structural theory. The indicator is well-known among crypto traders and investors, so when it signals, many market participants may preemptively start selling. That selling pressure can itself push the price down.

Take a look at the history of Pi Cycle Top’s past predictions.

Historical accuracy

Since 2013 the indicator has issued 4 Bitcoin top signals, each occurring within a few days of a major price maximum.

1st peak signal came on April 6, 2013 - after it, Bitcoin's price dropped 65.5% over the next 11 days. Although the price nearly doubled in the first 4 days after the signal, that rally proved unsustainable.

2nd peak signal triggered on December 3, 2013 - just one day before that cycle’s actual peak. Over the next 623 days Bitcoin fell 86.11%.

3rd signal occurred on December 17, 2017, again one day before that bullish cycle’s peak. After this signal Bitcoin dropped 84.3% over 364 days.

Finally, the fourth signal came on April 13, 2021. Two days later the price reached a peak just under $65,000 per coin, and from April 12 to June 22 (71 days) Bitcoin fell 52.94%.

This decline was smaller than previous ones, but by that time Bitcoin’s market cap had exceeded a trillion dollars, which somewhat reduced relative volatility compared with earlier cycles.

The takeaway is that the Pi Cycle demonstrates Bitcoin’s cyclicality. When price surges, the short-term average (111D) shoots up and overtakes the long-term average (350D). Such crossings often serve as correction signals, typically followed by a crash.

Does it always work?

We think timing matters. For example, if you look at the first recorded Bitcoin peak in 2011, you can see that when momentum really picked up, the Pi Cycle top signal did appear, but price still continued upward for some time after that.

Bitcoin has also reached peaks without a Pi Cycle signal. For example, on June 26, 2019 Bitcoin lost 71.9% over 261 days, and on November 10, 2021 it fell 77.57% over 376 days.

So, although the indicator has a strong history of signals, it hasn't captured every single peak.

Does PI Cycle provide forecasts?

There is another version of this chart that attempts to project the exact peak using extrapolation. Some forecasts point to $256K in 2026. However, these are nothing more than eye-catching headlines without solid foundations.

Ultimately, these models are built on moving averages, which by definition cannot predict future price action. They show crossings between fast and slow averages, not price ranges years ahead.

Pi Cycle highlights potential proximity to a peak, but it is absolutely unable to tell you where that peak will be - keep that in mind when you see bold forecasts based on it.

Pi Cycle Bottom

There is also a Pi Cycle Bottom indicator that signals market bottoms. It uses two different moving averages.

You can see that each time the green line crosses the red line from below - i.e., when the short moving average falls below the long one - we actually observe a cycle bottom according to the Pi Cycle methodology.

In the past these points coincided with bear market lows, although recently they have occurred earlier, which surprised many traders who weren't watching the timing closely during the subsequent BTC drawdown.

We believe that time-based cyclic behavior of Bitcoin’s price is more important than these momentum-based swing signals.

Alternatives to Pi Cycle

Alternative models, like the Stock-to-Flow, show better validated performance and project continued Bitcoin price appreciation based on fundamental factors.

Other alternative indicators include (briefly):

Puell Multiple - highlights when miners start selling aggressively (entering the red zone > 3.4), which puts pressure on the market and can trigger sharp corrections.

Rainbow Chart - a long-term valuation tool using a logarithmic growth curve and colored bands to indicate market stages (from accumulation to bubble).

Everything Indicator (paid) - an aggregated oscillator that combines key metrics (M2, MVRV Z-Score, etc.) into a single signal. It shows how overheated the market is.

ETH to global liquidity ratio - assesses fair value for Ethereum based on global liquidity. A reliable indicator for identifying local tops and bottoms not only for ETH but for the altcoin market as a whole.

Limitations of Pi Cycle

This is a long-term indicator. It’s designed for moves that unfold over months and years, not for day trading.

It is also not intended for pinpointing entry points.

Below we compare Pi Cycle with Zero Lag and with classic indicators.

Criterion	Pi Cycle Top	Zero Lag Indicator	Classic indicators
Main purpose	Identify macro market tops (bear-market peaks).	Find short- and medium-term entry and exit points.	Analyze momentum, trend, volatility for trading across horizons.
Timeframe	Long-term (week/month)	All timeframes	All timeframes (interpretation varies)
Signal frequency	Very low	High	Depends on settings/TF
Accuracy	Very high for its purpose	Medium/high	Variable
Usage	Strategic	Tactical	Tactical and analytical
Key drawback	Doesn't provide entry signals	May lag / produce false signals	Require combination / easily misinterpreted
Analogy	Satellite image	Roadmap with traffic	Car dashboard

Pi Cycle Top’s relation to altcoins (XRP, ETH, etc.)

This signal is also directly related to your altcoin investments. In 2017 the absolute top for altcoins occurred roughly two weeks after Bitcoin’s peak. That was the best time to sell altcoins.

The pattern repeated in 2021.

Should you use Pi Cycle in your strategy?

The indicator has historically signaled Bitcoin tops, so it's worth considering. But while it may attempt to forecast the peak, that can be misleading.

Just don't rely on it blindly! After all, BTC has a habit of doing the unexpected.

The market has matured. Bitcoin ETFs appeared and institutional interest has grown, and large players may try to exploit popular indicators (like Pi Cycle Top).

The conclusion is: of course you should watch this indicator because it's one of the genuinely working tools with a track record. But in trading, it's wise to also monitor other indicators.

Disclaimer: all information in this article should not be taken as financial advice. The article is for educational purposes only. Never invest more than you can afford to lose and consult your personal financial advisor.

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Гайд и обзор OneKey Classic 1S: максимальная безопасность и скрытые кошельки

Максим Анисимов — Tue, 12 Aug 2025 10:12:24 +0000

Guide and review of the OneKey Classic 1S: maximum security and hidden wallets. Максим Анисимов Tue, 08/12/2025 - 13:53

Contents

Overview, Supported Coins and Purpose

Review summary:

Support for over 30,000 cryptocurrencies, NFTs and more than 100 blockchain networks.
Security provided by an EAL6+ certified chip, code audits, a PIN and seed-passphrase for hidden wallets.
Connections available via Bluetooth and USB-C.
Features include staking, portfolio management and dApp access through the app.
App settings let you set fees manually and work via the browser extension, mobile app or desktop client.

We’ll go through the wallet’s details so you understand its strengths and weaknesses - yes, it has both.

Overview

OneKey Classic 1S is an ultra-light hardware wallet weighing just 20 grams that connects to the companion app via Bluetooth or USB-C. Despite its lightness, it supports more than 30,000 coins, NFTs and 100 different blockchains.

In the box you get the card-sized device with an OLED screen, a USB-C lanyard, a quick start guide and recovery phrase cards. That’s it - no unnecessary accessories, just what you need to start securely.

The OneKey Classic 1S package includes tamper seals - green stickers on the box and an extra seal on the device. If these are broken, it’s not recommended to use the device since it may have been tampered with.

Coin support

It’s impressive that OneKey can handle more than 30,000 assets across 100 different blockchains. This isn’t a small curated list - mainstream coins like Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, XRP, BNB, Solana, USDC, Dogecoin and many others are supported, along with essentially all EVM-compatible networks.

Compatibility

On the software side, OneKey stands out with broad compatibility. The OneKey companion app is available for macOS, Windows, Linux, iOS and Android, and there are browser extensions for Chrome, Edge and Brave.

It also integrates with third-party wallets like Trezor, MetaMask and Sparrow. Beginners can try OneKey’s software for free by installing the browser extension or mobile app - a good way to test features before buying the hardware.

Comparison with other wallets

When compared to competitors, OneKey Classic 1S shows that the maker focused on a balance of price, portability and practicality. It offers a compact form factor, Bluetooth and open source elements at a price lower than Ledger or Trezor.

However, there are drawbacks that may make some users prefer Ledger, Trezor or higher-end OneKey models. The Classic 1S’s screen is small and monochrome - checking long addresses or complex smart contract details is less convenient. Also, entering recovery information via buttons can be annoying with frequent use.

Regarding build materials, unfortunately most wallets are still plastic, and the OneKey Touch has been discontinued.

Also, unlike air-gapped devices, having Bluetooth/USB increases the attack surface (though in practice the risk is mitigated by manual transaction confirmations).

Comparison of OneKey Classic 1S with other wallets
Parameter	OneKey Classic 1S	Ledger Nano X/S+	Trezor Model T
Price	$79 (Pure) / $99 (with battery)	~$79 (S+) / ~$149 (X)	~$219
Size/Weight	Very thin (3 mm), 20 g (card size)	Thicker, heavier (especially X)	Larger, heavier
Screen	Small OLED (128x64), 4 buttons	Small screen, 2 buttons (complex navigation)	Color touchscreen (rare freezes)
Connectivity	USB-C + Bluetooth	USB-C + Bluetooth (X) / USB-C only (S+)	USB-C only
Asset support	>100 blockchains, >30,000 tokens	Fewer networks/tokens than OneKey	Fewer networks/dApps than OneKey

Security and Capabilities

One of the most important aspects to consider is security: the chips, source code and protective features.

The chip inside

The main upgrade in the 1S version is under the hood - the ATECC608A chip was replaced with an EMVCo EAL6+ chip. Don’t be alarmed by the names; the difference is worth understanding.

The previous ATECC608A chip allowed for open source code but did not undergo independent certification checks.
The current EMVCo EAL6+ chip has passed extensive testing and evaluation of various security functions, making it one of the most secure chips on the market. However, its code is closed.

This chip is also used in devices like the Ledger Nano X and Trezor Safe 3, as well as in payment systems.

So, the device uses an EMVCo chip - that stands for Europay, MasterCard and Visa. This chip meets security standards relevant to the payments industry, ensuring it’s suitable for handling transaction types - in this case, crypto transactions.

Keep in mind: stronger hardware security here comes at the cost of a closed source codebase.

Audits help to verify this closed code.

Audits

Although the new chip is closed, the company works with auditors like SlowMist who test their hardware and firmware for vulnerabilities. This provides additional confidence in the security of the firmware and the chip.

The trust question remains: you always rely on either the auditor, the maker, or security experts (even with open source). OneKey intentionally relies on SlowMist’s assessments. Read SlowMist’s check.

Alongside hardware security, standard software protections are implemented in the wallet.

Software security

The wallet is also protected by software-level measures.

Your software security:

PIN + auto-wipe - the device requires a PIN on boot; after 10 failed attempts it wipes itself and returns to factory settings.
Passphrase (word) - use an extra word to create hidden wallets derived from the same seed phrase (covered below).
Authenticity check - on each connection the wallet verifies the firmware signature and only runs genuine firmware.

Security often impacts convenience, as with SafePal (long confirmations) or Ledger (tiny PIN buttons). Let’s see whether security here gets in the way of usability.

Everyday usability:

On-device address verification - the screen lets you fully verify transaction details (addresses, amounts, etc.).
Open source elements - where present, they let the community audit the code and detect hidden vulnerabilities.

The wallet works together with the OneKey mobile app or the desktop client. Using the hardware wallet with the app gives you access to the following features.

Financial features:

Built-in staking, portfolios, dApp browser - everything in one interface, removing the need for exchanges or other services.
Integrated swap - swap tokens directly inside the app without third-party exchanges.
Multi-chain support - all networks in one wallet, no extra apps or unnecessary delays.
Fee presets - Low/Normal/High or a custom fee so you can save or speed up transactions.
Fast and cheap transfers via the Lightning Network.

See our separate piece for a deeper OneKey app review.

Limitations

Unlike the PRO version, the Classic lacks a touchscreen and a fingerprint sensor for quick confirmations. Also, Bluetooth/USB does increase the potential attack surface - though Bluetooth can be disabled in settings.

Now let’s walk through setting up a new wallet and test it in practice with a secure setup and pairing to the mobile or desktop app.

Setup and creating a wallet

Creating a wallet involves generating a recovery phrase, setting a PIN and connecting the hardware to a PC or smartphone to sign transactions.

We’ll go step-by-step. First, choose a language. Russian is not available.

You’ll see a welcome screen with navigation buttons: the power button to go back and a circle to proceed.

On the next step you have two options:

Create new Wallet - new words will be generated.
Import Wallet - if you already have a 12 or 24-word seed phrase.

After tapping Create new Wallet, you’ll choose between 12, 18 or 24 words. It’s generally safer to pick a longer phrase since it’s harder to brute force.

Your 24 words will then be generated.

For example, you might see: Word #1 - what, Word #2 - reopen, Word #3 - toss, etc.

Your words will be different - they’re needed to back up the wallet.

Backup

A backup lets you restore the wallet if the device is lost or damaged. The seed works with any wallet that supports the BIP39 format (Ledger, Trezor, etc.).

Write the words down on paper, word by word, starting with Word 1 - what, and so on.

After writing them down, confirm the words in order, from Word 1 (for example, what), then Word 2, etc.

Once all words are confirmed, you’ll see that the process finished successfully and a reminder about keeping the backup safe.

Next, set your PIN which unlocks the device. You’ll confirm it again and that’s it - you’re ready!

You can now use the wallet together with the mobile app, desktop client or browser extension.

How to pair the wallet with the app

The download page offers versions for Windows, Mac and Linux, plus mobile apps, a browser extension and a Hardware Bridge to stabilize data transfer between the device and the browser. The Bridge is only needed for the browser extension.

Which platform should you choose?

If you want to send transactions quickly over Bluetooth, choose the iOS or Android app. See the guide and tips for the OneKey mobile app here.
If you prefer working on a larger screen and connecting to DeFi projects, the desktop app or browser extension is more convenient. See the desktop guide here.

Functionality is essentially the same across platforms. For example, the desktop experience starts with a standard installer.

Run the app and click Connect Hardware Wallet. Plug the wallet in via USB and select the detected device. Then enter your PIN.

After this you’ll have paired the hardware wallet with the app. You can now use the wallet - congratulations!

How to use it

The app shows balances, lets you buy and sell crypto and keeps a watchlist of favorite projects.

Additionally, it supports cross-chain swaps and major networks like Bitcoin (including Lightning), Ethereum, BSC, Solana, Polygon, Arbitrum, Avalanche, Optimism and dozens more, as well as custom RPCs. Visual fans will appreciate multiple themes including dark and light modes.

Let’s start with addresses and receiving funds.

How to create an address

To get a receive address, pick the cryptocurrency inside the app.

It’s recommended to tap Check Address in the OneKey app to confirm the address on the device.

This ensures the addresses shown in the app and on the hardware match exactly.

To do that, press Receive → Check Address in the app.

How to deposit (receive funds)

To receive funds, scan your QR code with the sender’s wallet or paste your OneKey address into an exchange, swap service or P2P platform’s withdrawal field.

For example, paste your OneKey address on the exchange, follow their withdrawal steps and confirm.

After sending, return to the OneKey app and wait for the funds. The history tab will show a pending deposit until the blockchain confirms the transaction, after which funds become spendable.

The deposit process is the same across networks. For instance, choose Solana, create an account if needed, tap Receive, confirm the address on the device and paste it on the exchange. Solana has low fees and fast deposits, which is why many users prefer it.

How to send

Sending crypto from a hardware wallet requires confirming the transaction on the device itself.

The hardware wallet acts like the keys to your crypto - it authorizes spending but never exposes the private key.

To withdraw, choose the coin and tap the Send tab in the app. When confirming, verify the amount, destination address and network fee.

Now look at the connected device. It will display the full transaction details on its screen including amount, sender, recipient and fee.

Press Approve to send. If you wait too long, sometimes the confirmation may fail, so approve in a timely manner.

Once the funds arrive at your exchange account, you can convert them to fiat and withdraw to your bank.

Adding tokens

OneKey Pro supports many additional coins - see the full list on their site. To add tokens not in the list, follow the app guide.

The guide also covers staking, NFTs and in-app swaps. Now let’s return to the hardware device settings specifically.

Device settings

The settings are rich and organized into three tabs:

General – interface and connection settings. Disable Bluetooth, choose language, set auto-lock interval or full shutdown on inactivity.
Security – change the PIN, enable a hidden wallet with passphrase and perform a factory reset. You can also verify that you recorded your seed phrase correctly.
About device – check the serial number, compatibility and available updates.

Here’s what’s inside each settings item:

You might then ask - what if I lose access to the wallet or it breaks? There are recovery and import options for that.

Import and recovery

If you forget your PIN or the device fails, it’s not a problem. Using your seed phrase you can restore access.

Go to Security → Reset Device and confirm you have your seed stored. If you enter the wrong PIN 10 times in a row, the device will also reset to factory settings.

After reboot choose Import Wallet, enter your 12 (or 18/24) words and set a new PIN. Reconnect to the app and all accounts and balances will be restored automatically.

Passphrase for hidden wallets

The Classic 1S also supports hidden wallets. Enable it in Settings → Security → Passphrase and set an additional 25th word.

This allows you to create unlimited additional wallets derived from your main seed and protected by a separate password.

Each hidden wallet has unique addresses and balances.

Such a hidden wallet won’t appear without entering the passphrase and can conceal your primary holdings from prying eyes.

Conclusions: comparisons and whether it’s worth using

The only real drawback of the Classic 1S is its simplicity in terms of functionality and appearance. It doesn’t have a large touchscreen like the PRO version, and even though it has an OLED display, it’s black-and-white.

However, if you’re fine with its simplicity and lack of a large touchscreen, the Classic 1S is one of the best hardware wallets on the market you can find for under $100.

If you want something a bit fancier with a large color touchscreen, consider OneKey Pro or the Ellipal Titan 2.0. They offer many of the same features as Classic 1S and additional security/functionality.

Whether to use this wallet or pick one from our comparison ranking - that final choice is up to you.

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Обзор и гайд по безопасности кошелька OneKey Pro

Максим Анисимов — Fri, 25 Jul 2025 11:53:18 +0000

OneKey Pro Wallet Security: Review & Comprehensive Guide Максим Анисимов Fri, 07/25/2025 - 14:53

Contents

Overview, Supported Coins & Purpose

Review summary:

Support: over 30,000 coins, NFTs, and 100 different blockchains.
Security: EAL6+ certified chip, offline transaction signing, PIN code, and passphrase for hidden wallets.
Connectivity: Bluetooth, USB, NFC, or QR codes for transactions.
Smartphone-like: touchscreen, fingerprint unlock, and wireless charging.
Features: staking, portfolio management, dApp browser via companion app. Can also be used for website login instead of passwords (FIDO technology).
Settings: manual fee configuration, integration with mobile app, browser extension, or desktop software.

Let’s dive deeper into the wallet so you can see its pros and cons. Yes, there are some drawbacks too.

OneKey Pro is a cryptocurrency hardware wallet packed with features: a large touchscreen display, fingerprint sensor, Bluetooth, wireless charging, and even a built-in camera.

Right off the bat, the device supports over 30,000 assets across 100 blockchains, including all the major ones (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, XRP, BNB, Solana, USDC, Doge, etc.) and every EVM-compatible network.

And here’s the downside – flagship-level support comes at a price. This model costs at least $280. By comparison, you can get a Trezor Model One for just $50, though it won’t support XRP, SOL, ADA, or XMR.

Box contents: the device with tamper-evident seals, a USB-A to USB-C cable, and user manuals. Also included are three seed phrase backup cards with security instructions in multiple languages.

The device itself is wrapped in several tamper-evident seals.

Despite packing so many technologies, the device remains compact: 90 × 54 mm, just 8 mm thick, and weighing only 65 g. Compared to the OneKey Classic (3 mm, 20.5 g), the PRO version is less pocketable.

Compared to the OneKey Classic 1S, the PRO is 3 mm thicker but gains a host of new capabilities.

Security & Capabilities

The first aspect to examine is security.

Core security features:

Offline transaction signing – data is transmitted only via QR code scans, eliminating remote attack vectors (USB and Bluetooth can be disabled). This is configurable in settings.
EAL6+ certified secure chip – private keys stay inside a tamper-resistant secure element.
PIN code with auto-reset – after 9 failed attempts, the device wipes itself to factory settings.

Security often comes at the expense of convenience—think SafePal’s slow confirmations or Ledger’s tiny PIN buttons. Let’s see if OneKey Pro strikes a better balance.

Everyday convenience features:

Fingerprint sensor – confirm transactions with your fingerprint instead of entering a PIN. Faster and keeps your PIN hidden.
On-screen address verification – the large display lets you review the full transaction details (addresses, amounts, etc.) at a glance.

Beyond the basics, there’s an advanced layer of protection.

Advanced security:

25th word (passphrase) – add an extra passphrase to your 12/24-word seed, so even if someone gets your seed, they can’t access your funds without the passphrase.
Firmware authenticity check – every connection verifies the wallet’s firmware signature to ensure it’s genuine.
Open source – community auditing eliminates hidden vulnerabilities.

By disabling USB/Bluetooth, the device enters full air-gap mode, completely isolating it from networks and external devices, effectively nullifying remote attacks.

The wallet pairs with the OneKey Mobile App or the PC version.

When used with the app, you unlock these additional features:

Economic functions:

Built‑in staking, portfolio management & dApp browser – all in one interface. No need to juggle exchanges.
Integrated swap – exchange tokens directly in-app without third parties.
Multi‑chain support – switch between networks seamlessly without extra apps or delays.
Customizable fees – choose Low/Normal/High or set your own priority to save or speed up transactions.
Fast and inexpensive transactions via Lightning Network.

Read our separate review of the OneKey Mobile App.

Next, let’s test the wallet in practice by setting it up safely and connecting it to the mobile or desktop app.

Setup & Wallet Creation

Setup boils down to choosing a language, generating your seed phrase, setting a PIN, and registering your fingerprint. Finally, you’ll pair with the companion app.

First, select your preferred language, then tap Create New Wallet.

The device generates a random private key too long to memorize, converting it into a human‑readable list of words—your seed phrase.

We recommend choosing a 24‑word seed for stronger backup security.

Then press Continue.

Next, set your PIN. Optionally, add your fingerprint via the power‑button scanner for faster access.

The fingerprint sensor proved more temperamental than any smartphone sensor we’ve tried.

After several attempts, it finally registered the print.

Before proceeding, the device will prompt you to back up your seed phrase.

Backup

Write down all words on one of the provided backup cards, then confirm each word on the device to ensure accuracy.

Once confirmed, store the backup card in a secure location.

The wallet then shows a QR code to download the OneKey app.

Pairing with the App

The QR code directs you to the download page—choose Android or iOS and tap Install.

Next, initiate pairing: tap Start connection → Allow → Next.

Select your OneKey Pro from the list and tap Pair. Enter the confirmation code displayed on the device.

Then the firmware authenticity check runs. Once verified, your wallet is ready.

Congratulations! You’ve successfully created your OneKey Pro wallet and paired it with the mobile app.

The app may prompt you to update the firmware next.

Firmware Update

Before receiving funds, apply any recommended firmware updates. Confirm on-device by tapping Continue.

Updates can take some time as all device software components are refreshed.

Now you’re ready to use your wallet!

How to Use

With OneKey, you can stake, swap, manage NFTs, build portfolios, explore dApps, and more.

All this functionality comes from pairing your hardware wallet with the mobile app.

Let’s start by funding your wallet and getting an address.

Generating an Address

To receive Bitcoin, tap Receive in the app, choose Verify on device, and unlock the hardware wallet with your PIN. Ensure the address on the device matches the app.

You can then copy the address or QR code.

Funding the Wallet

Scan your QR code with another wallet or send funds from exchanges, swap services, or P2P platforms.

After sending a small amount, the pending transaction appears in your balance.

Advanced users: OneKey supports multiple Bitcoin address formats—switch in the top menu.

Different formats trade off fees and compatibility. Taproot offers the lowest fees but less compatibility, while Legacy is most compatible but costs more.

Address Type (Prefix)	Fee Savings (%)
Legacy	0 %
Nested SegWit	≈ 27 %
Native SegWit	≈ 54 %
Taproot	≈ 61 %

Sending Funds

To test sending, tap Send, scan the recipient’s QR code (remove the bitcoin: prefix if needed), or enter the address manually. Enter the amount and tap Preview to review.

Confirm details on-device, check fees, then tap Continue. Slide to sign with Slide to sign.

Once you see “Transaction signed,” your coins are on their way.

Adding Custom Tokens

OneKey Pro supports a vast token list—see the full asset list on their site. To add unsupported tokens, follow the guide in the mobile app manual.

That guide also covers staking, NFTs, and in-app swaps. Now, let’s return to the hardware device’s settings.

Device Settings

The Settings menu offers security parameters, wallet management, Trezor compatibility toggle, Air Gap mode, and screen adjustments.

You can also view device info and run an authenticity check.

Let’s explore what each setting does.

Connect App Wallet

To manage assets, sign transactions, and integrate with MetaMask or OKX Wallet, connect OneKey Pro via Bluetooth (mobile) or USB (desktop) under Connect App Wallet.

Scan

You can also pair via QR code using the built‑in camera under Scan, enabling transactions without a direct internet link.

QR scanning fully isolates the wallet, enhancing security.

My Address

The address book lets you view addresses for different assets.

A limitation: you get only one BTC address, which isn’t ideal for privacy since address reuse is easily tracked.

The next menu section contains advanced settings, which we’ll cover separately.

Settings Menu

The Settings section includes multiple subsections:

General

Basic interface and power-saving settings:

Language – choose the UI language (e.g., English, Russian, Spanish).
Brightness – adjust screen brightness; higher brightness drains battery faster.
Animations – enable or disable UI animations.
Lock Screen – auto‑lock the display for security and power saving; tap the screen to wake.
Auto Lock/Shutdown – set inactivity timeout for auto‑lock.

Next, we’ll look at other settings.

Air Gap Mode

Air Gap mode disables all connections—Bluetooth, USB, NFC—leaving QR codes for fully isolated transactions.

Homescreen

Customize the device’s splash screen and wallpaper.

Security

All security-related options:

Device Authentication – select authentication method.
PIN Keyboard – choose fixed or randomized keypad to thwart shoulder-surfing.
Fingerprint – add/replace your fingerprint.
USB Lock – block/unblock USB when connected.
Change PIN – update your PIN code.
Safety Checks – extra checks (e.g., BIP32 derivation path verification).

Wallet

Wallet-specific settings:

Recovery Check – verify your seed phrase to ensure it was recorded correctly.
Passphrase – toggle BIP39 passphrase support for hidden wallets.
Trezor Compatibility – enable Trezor T emulation mode.
Reset Device – factory reset; confirm you have your seed backed up.

The final menu item, About Device, shows device details like serial number and firmware version. Tap the arrow to reveal additional options:

FIDO Keys

FIDO keys replace passwords for online accounts, offering phishing‑resistant, hardware‑backed authentication.

You can use your OneKey Pro as a security key for services like Google, Binance, and more.

Major companies like IBM, Google, Apple, Telegram, and Binance already support FIDO keys.

To set up, go to your Google account’s Security → Passkeys & Security Keys → Create Key, then connect your OneKey Pro and confirm the prompt on-device.

Next time you log in, choose authentication via OneKey!

NFT Gallery

The device includes an NFT Gallery where you can browse your owned NFTs and even set one as your homescreen wallpaper.

Back Up (Physical Backups)

Make physical backups on:

OneKey Lite – a plastic backup card.
OneKey KeyTag – a metal plate where seed words are punched in.

Both methods are more durable than paper: KeyTag resists fire, water, and corrosion; the card resists corrosion and never needs power. Transactions occur by tapping it to your phone.

Tips (Knowledge Base)

This section contains an integrated knowledge base.

Remember: security is only as strong as its user. OneKey Pro is just a key store; your practices are the real defense.

Passphrase (Hidden Wallets)

Enable hidden wallets via Settings → Wallet → Passphrase, set your password, then in the app choose Add Hidden Wallet during import or creation.

This lets you create unlimited hidden wallets derived from your seed, each unlocked only with the correct passphrase, hiding funds from prying eyes.

Import & Recovery

To reset, go to Security → Reset Device (or enter the wrong PIN 10 times). Ensure your seed is safely backed up first.

After reset, the device returns to the language selection screen and prompts to create a new wallet or recover an existing one.

Tap Import Wallet, enter your seed words in order, and your wallet will be restored.

Trezor Integration

You can enable Trezor Suite compatibility and connect via USB, but you may see a firmware revision error because OneKey uses a different firmware ID.

To bypass this, disable the firmware authenticity check in settings. Then OneKey appears as Trezor T without errors.

In Trezor Suite’s Dashboard you’ll see your accounts, including legacy SegWit transactions. OneKey also integrates with wallets like Sparrow and MetaMask.

Conclusion: Comparisons & Is It Worth It?

OneKey Pro feels premium—like a mini smartphone. But the price is steep. Here’s how it stacks up against peers:

Wallet	Price	Highlights (security, screen, coin support)
OneKey Pro	$278	3.5″ color IPS touchscreen, EAL 6+ (4 chips), air‑gap via QR, 30,000+ cryptos supported
Ledger Stax	$279–400	3.7″ curved E‑Ink touchscreen, EAL 6+ (1 chip), limited app space (10), 5,000+ coins via Ledger Live and third‑party UIs
Ngrave Zero	~ $398	4″ color LCD touchscreen, EAL 7 secure element, fully air‑gapped, supports ~ 1,500–3,500 coins
GoldShell Wallet	$249	3.5″ color touchscreen, fully isolated, 3 independent chips + fingerprint unlock, tamper‑evident wipe, 1,000+ coins supported

At $278, OneKey Pro sits mid‑range among premium wallets. It’s cheaper than Ledger Stax and Ngrave Zero but slightly pricier than GoldShell and Ledger Flex.

Thanks to its large smartphone‑like touchscreen, OneKey Pro offers a more intuitive transaction review and data entry experience than Ledger.

With all core hardware wallet features, it earns its spot alongside GoldShell. Though not the cheapest, it balances cost and functionality excellently.

The wallet works seamlessly across desktop, browser extensions, and mobile.

Bottom line: if you rely on your phone rather than a PC, pairing OneKey Pro with your mobile device is a safe and convenient way to store crypto.

Choose this wallet or explore alternatives in our wallet comparison ranking—the final decision is yours.

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Кошелек OneKey в виде браузерного расширения и ПК версии

Максим Анисимов — Fri, 13 Jun 2025 12:15:23 +0000

The OneKey Wallet as both a browser extension and a desktop app Максим Анисимов Fri, 06/13/2025 - 15:40

Contents

OneKey for PC is not just a wallet for storing crypto; it also offers features such as staking, swapping, NFTs, address books, and much more. All of this is integrated into a single, intuitive interface, with the option to pair it with OneKey hardware wallets.

The wallet supports a vast number of assets-over 5,000 cryptocurrencies across 103 networks. Among the popular ones are Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, XRP, BNB, Solana, USDC, Doge, and others.

OneKey for PC comes in three versions:

Browser Extension – for Chrome, Edge, and other Chromium-based browsers.
Desktop App – installable on Windows 10+, macOS 10.8+, and Linux (Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, etc.).
Web Version – accessible through any browser without installation. However, you cannot create a new wallet there; you can only connect a hardware device or link to the extension.

Which version should you choose? If you frequently interact with DeFi apps for earning or swapping tokens, using the browser extension is the most convenient.

If you plan to use a hardware wallet, the desktop app is a better choice. Functionality is essentially identical across all versions. Mobile enthusiasts can use OneKey for iOS and Android.

What you can do with OneKey (we’ll cover in this article):

Store, receive, and send crypto, with customizable fees.
Perform staking, swaps, portfolio management, and discover DeFi apps to earn yield.
Earn up to 18% through their referral program.
Add custom tokens and much more.
Analyze the market by building portfolios and browsing curated lists of new or promising coins.

But enough about features for now. Our main focus here is security. The crypto market is the Wild West, and your funds need robust protection.

Security and Risks

Here’s an immediate drawback: if you use these apps as standalone hot wallets without linking hardware devices, the security level is inherently moderate. As online apps, they are exposed to phishing, malware, and other scams.

Pairing the app with a hardware wallet significantly enhances security, since your keys never leave the device or touch the internet.

Still, OneKey offers several built-in security measures that stand out compared to other wallets.

Your security includes:

Seed phrase generation has undergone NIST security testing, minimizing the risk of predictable phrases.
Optional passphrase – on first launch, the app prompts you to set a strong password.
Built-in dApp browser – pre-approved dApps help you avoid phishing sites right inside the app.

There’s also an address book for trusted addresses-you enter and confirm an address once, then it’s bookmarked, reducing the risk of address spoofing.

Level 2 Security:

Token risk alerts – automatically flags new scam tokens in your account.
App reset – wipes local data after 10 incorrect PIN attempts.
Connected sites – view and revoke permissions for unused or untrusted dApps.

OneKey’s software and firmware are fully open-source-anyone can audit for hidden vulnerabilities.

Convenience and Benefits

The app combines exchange-style features with Web3 services:

In the Trade section, you’ll find three options:

Swap – choose tokens within a network and swap via various aggregators.
Bridge – transfer assets across networks with optimal providers, fee breakdowns, and speed settings (fast/normal/slow).
Limit orders – set a desired price for a token pair and the swap will execute automatically when that price is reached.

Other features:

Web3 browser – integrated dApp browser protects against phishing and connects to DeFi sites for staking, farming, NFT minting, and more.
Account management – create, switch, and rename multiple accounts (each with its own seed phrase).
NFT support – view, buy, and sell NFTs on Ethereum, Polygon, BNB, with metadata and sales history.
Fiat on-ramp – buy/sell with local currency (availability varies by region; for example, it’s not supported in Russia).

Let’s now see the wallet in action.

Downloading, Installing, and Creating a Wallet

Download OneKey from the official site, install it, and open the app. You’ll be greeted by a welcome screen where you can:

Connect a hardware wallet, if you have one.
Create a new wallet with a new seed phrase.
Import an existing seed phrase from another wallet.

We’ll choose to create a new wallet and seed phrase.

First, set a password or Passkey for wallet access.

Passkey allows passwordless login in Chrome, requiring the same biometric or PIN verification you use to unlock your phone.

You can switch off Passkey and use a standard password if you prefer.

The wallet warns that after 10 incorrect password attempts, all local data will be erased for security.

Next comes the crucial step-backing up your wallet.

Backing Up Your Wallet

To back up your seed phrase, follow these steps:

Click Show recovery phrase.
Write down all words in the correct order on paper.
Confirm the words by selecting them in order.

It’s safer to store your backup on paper rather than digitally, to avoid hacking risks.

Never share your seed phrase with anyone. We revealed ours only for demonstration purposes!

That’s it-congratulations, you’ve successfully set up your wallet and can start using it.

How to Use

The wallet supports a wide range of cryptocurrencies. For example, we’ve enabled all 103 networks; switch networks using the selector in the top-left corner.

Let’s start with Bitcoin. You’ll need an address.

Creating a Bitcoin Address

Click on the Bitcoin icon to view your address.

Four address types are available for BTC: Nested, Taproot, Native, Legacy. By default, Nested is selected-a good compromise between compatibility and fees.

Taproot offers the lowest fees, but isn’t supported by all exchanges and wallets. That’s why Nested is the default.

With your address, you can fund the wallet.

Funding

To add funds, you can purchase crypto on a trusted exchange.

Alternatively, you can buy directly within the wallet.

In-App Purchases

You can use local fiat (e.g., USD) to purchase crypto directly in the wallet.

Payment providers vary by region.

For example, to buy Ethereum, click Trade and the app will launch a third-party payment service where you complete the purchase.

You can choose among multiple services. Note that third-party providers require personal information and verification, but this ensures your crypto lands directly in your wallet, reducing transfer mistakes.

Withdrawing Funds

To send crypto, select the asset, click Send, and enter the transaction details.

Click Preview to review fees and addresses, then Confirm and wait for the transaction to complete.

Swapping Tokens

You can also swap tokens within the app by clicking Trade.

The first tab handles on-chain swaps within a single network. For instance, if you hold Solana, you can swap it for USDC, Jupiter, or other tokens on Solana.

Enter the amount, select a DEX aggregator-like Jupiter or Changelly-and execute the swap.

Cross-Chain Bridges

The Bridge feature lets you transfer tokens between networks. To convert SOL to ETH, select Solana and Ethereum in the bridge tool and enter the amount.

Fees and rates are shown immediately. You can choose a provider, but the best rate is selected by default.

Here, 0.3577 SOL equals 0.03092368 ETH, roughly $54.99 ↔ $54.95 based on current rates.

So you pay about $0.04 in rate spread plus $0.52 in network fees-a competitive cost for cross-chain transfers.

Adding Custom Tokens

To add tokens not listed by default:

Click Manage tokens.
Select Custom token.
Enter the contract address (available on Etherscan).

Staking

In the Earn tab, you can stake assets to earn interest. Each token’s APY or APR is displayed-for APT it’s 6.79% APR.

For example, staking APT yields 6.79% annually in APT tokens. Unstaking may take up to 30 days after your request.

Remember, staking carries market volatility risks.

dApp Browser for Yield Opportunities

The wallet’s dApp browser lists popular DeFi apps on the home screen. These apps are pre-scanned for risk using GoPlus, BlockAid, and ScamSniffer databases.

Portfolio and Market Analytics

Build custom portfolios from your favorite coins, or explore ready-made categories like new, meme, or high-potential tokens.

Traders can analyze market trends without leaving the wallet.

NFT Support

Manage and trade NFTs directly in the wallet, complete with images, metadata, and sales history.

NFT values are entirely speculative-there are no guarantees of profit.

Advanced Settings

Import & Recovery

To recover a wallet:

Open the wallet menu and click the plus icon (Add wallet).
Select Create or import wallet.
Click Import wallet.
Choose a recovery method (seed phrase, private key, etc.).
Enter your seed phrase words or private key.

Following these steps restores your wallet successfully.

Watch-Only Mode

The Watch-Only option lets you track any blockchain address’s activity-useful for monitoring large holders and market movements.

To add a Watch-Only address:

Open the wallet menu and click Add wallet.
Select Create or import wallet.
Click Import wallet.
Choose Address.
Paste the address and select the blockchain.

You can then view balances, tokens, transactions, NFTs, and swaps for that address.

Speeding Up or Cancelling Transactions

The wallet supports transaction acceleration and cancellation, but only before the transaction is confirmed.

To speed up a transaction:

Go to History.
Find the pending transaction and click Speed Up.
Switch to Custom, enter a higher fee, and confirm.

If it’s still pending, repeat with an even higher fee.

To cancel a transaction:

Open History.
Find the pending transaction and click Cancel.
Set a cancellation fee (usually at least the current network rate), confirm, and send the new transaction.
Wait for confirmation. If cancellation fails, use Speed up cancellation to increase the fee.

All Settings

The wallet offers numerous settings for interface and security customization.

General:

Lock now – instantly locks the wallet, requiring password/PIN.
Address book – save frequently used addresses.
Google Drive backup – back up wallets, settings, and assets to Drive.
OneKey Lite & OneKey KeyTag – manage the hardware card and titanium tag for seed storage.
Language, fiat display currency, theme, and notifications.

Security:

Auto-lock – automatic lock after inactivity (e.g., 4 hours).
Change passcode – update PIN/password.
Connected sites – manage and revoke dApp permissions.
Signature record – log of signed transactions (network, addresses, dates, amounts).
Protection – phishing and suspicious contract warnings.
Clear data – delete local cache, dApp list, etc.

Advanced (for power users):

Align primary account – set your main account for dApps.
Add custom network – add new chains with Chain ID, RPC URL, token symbol, etc.
Custom RPC – add RPC endpoints for speed, reliability, or privacy.
Account derivation path – configure HD wallet paths (BIP32/44/49/84, etc.).
Customize transaction – manually set nonce and view/edit hex data for smart contract interactions.

Conclusion: Is It Worth Using?

The desktop and extension versions of OneKey offer cross-platform support and extensive customization.

Both the desktop app and browser extension are highly intuitive and well-designed. All code is open-source on GitHub, so you can audit everything yourself.

On the downside, the app can occasionally freeze on load and experience delays or connectivity issues on PC and mobile.

Sometimes balances on certain networks (e.g., Solana) may not display correctly, and enabling all networks can lead to incomplete data and long load times.

Whether to use OneKey or choose another wallet from our comparison chart is ultimately your decision.

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Гайд и обзор приложения OneKey для мобильного

Максим Анисимов — Tue, 10 Jun 2025 11:43:34 +0000

OneKey Mobile Wallet App: Guide and Overview Максим Анисимов Tue, 06/10/2025 - 15:09

Contents

OneKey as a mobile app is a multifunctional open-source cryptocurrency wallet in which only you hold your keys.

Here you can:

Receive and send crypto and customize fees
Stake, swap, build portfolios, and find apps to earn interest.
Cancel or speed up stuck transactions
Add new tokens and much more.

OneKey supports a vast number of assets—over 5,000 cryptocurrencies across 103 networks. Among the most popular are Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, XRP, BNB, Solana, USDC, Doge, and others.

The OneKey app is available for all devices and comes in:

Mobile
Desktop
Browser extension
Web wallet version.

The app and browser extension work not only with the hardware wallet but also as standalone hot wallets.

Security and Benefits

Although this is an online (hot) wallet connected to the Internet, the app offers the following security features:

Your Security:

Seed phrase generation has undergone NIST security testing, minimizing the risk of predictable seed phrases.
Additional password – on first launch, the app prompts you to create a strong password.
Built-in dApp browser – to avoid phishing sites, the app includes only trusted dApps.

Additionally, there is an address book of trusted addresses so you only send crypto to verified recipients, protecting you from scammers. Advanced security measures are also available.

Layer-2 Security:

Token risk reminder – warns you if you hold newly emerged scam tokens.
Reset App – after 10 consecutive incorrect PIN attempts, the app auto-wipes data, useful if your phone is stolen.
Connected sites – review and revoke permissions from suspicious or unused dApps.

Both the software and firmware of OneKey are fully open source, allowing anyone to audit for hidden vulnerabilities.

Now, let’s look at the wallet’s economic features.

Your Gains:

Fee settings – choose Low/Normal/High or set a custom fee to save costs or speed up transactions.
Built-in exchange – swap tokens within the app without seeking external exchanges.
Multi-chain – manage assets on multiple networks without extra apps or delays.
User-friendly for beginners – the interface is designed so even crypto novices can safely create a wallet, send funds, and track balances.

Without further ado, let’s test these wallet features in practice.

Download and Installation

First, download the app from the App Store or Google Play.

After installation, you have two setup options:

Connect your hardware wallet
Create a new wallet or import an existing one

Creating a New Wallet

If you don’t have a hardware wallet, choose Create or Import Wallet.

Next, set a strong PIN code.

Backup

Now, the most crucial step—recording your seed phrase.

Write down all words in the correct order—this is your access to the assets.

Never share your seed phrase. We reveal ours here only for demonstration purposes.

Confirm the seed phrase by selecting certain words from the list.

That’s it—congratulations, you’ve created your wallet! You’re ready to use it.

How to Use

Upon opening the app, you’ll see the home screen. In the top left, there’s an avatar icon and your wallet name, both editable.

From this menu, you can add another wallet, create a new one, import an existing one, or connect an external wallet.

Each wallet has its own seed phrase, so you can separate funds across different accounts.

For example, one wallet for long-term storage and another for active investments.

The main screen lists accounts by blockchain (e.g., Ethereum). Within each account, you can add any tokens on that network.

Inside each account, you’ll see all network tokens, your NFTs, transaction history, an explorer link, and fee information.

Generating an Address

To receive funds, tap a coin in the list. The Receive button shows the address and a QR code.

Note that for BTC you have different address types: Nested, Legacy, Native, Taproot:

Different formats balance fees and compatibility. For example, Taproot offers the lowest fees but less compatibility with other wallets and services.

Address Type (Prefix)	Fee Savings (%)
Legacy (1…)	0%
Nested SegWit (3…)	≈27%
Native SegWit (bc1q…)	≈54%
Taproot (bc1p…)	≈61%

Legacy is most compatible but has the highest fees.

Once you understand addresses, you can fund your wallet.

Funding Your Wallet

Select the network and coin, then copy the address or scan the QR code to deposit funds.

Send from another wallet, exchange, or swap service to fund your OneKey balance.

After blockchain confirmation, funds appear in your OneKey wallet.

Withdrawing Funds

To withdraw, select the network and coin, fill in transaction details:

Enter the recipient’s address
Enter the amount and tap Preview
Choose fees on the next screen and tap Confirm.

You’ll see a confirmation once your transaction is broadcast!

Fees

When sending, you set the blockchain fee; OneKey takes no extra fees for deposits or withdrawals.

You can choose from three presets—Slow, Normal, Fast—or define a custom fee in sat/vB. E.g., 50 sat/vB may increase the fee to $6.84 for faster confirmation.

To check current BTC network fees, visit BitInfoCharts (5.4 sat/vB at time of writing).

Adding Custom Tokens

To add a token not listed:

Select the network (e.g., ETH)
Tap the gear icon next to the token search on the main screen
Paste the token contract address (found on Etherscan)

You’ll receive a message confirming the token’s addition.

Staking

The Earn section lets you lend crypto to platforms for interest—akin to bank savings rates.

Here are the rates offered for various assets:

For example, ATOM offers ~14.14% APR, meaning you’d earn ~14 ATOM in one year on 100 ATOM (excluding validator fees and compounding).

Note the “Unstaking period – Up to 21 days” means withdrawals take up to 21 days after you tap Withdraw.

Such yields are rare in traditional finance but common in crypto staking (yet carry risk). Review terms to decide if it suits you.

Staking yields fluctuate based on network participation, reward policies, and validator fees.

NFTs

Blockchain ensures authentic ownership of NFTs. OneKey elegantly confirms that you own specific tokens—critical beyond mere aesthetics.

Some wallets can’t load certain NFT images—a known issue with MetaMask. OneKey displays them reliably.

Swapping

A key feature is integrated swap and bridge functions in one interface. Each network requires its native token for fees. Intra-network swaps show the blockchain fee upfront.

Customize speed, routing, and slippage—more flexible than many mobile wallets.

Cross-chain bridges work in the same window: select source and target networks to exchange tokens.

Bridge fees vary by network, token, and DApp, but the process is stable.

A unified interface for all networks is what DEXs strive for; OneKey delivers it out of the box.

You can also connect via WalletConnect to external DEXs like Uniswap or PancakeSwap, paying only their fees.

Fiat On-Ramp

OneKey offers buying crypto with EUR or USD via on-off ramps.

− Pros: very fast (minutes), no need to use external exchanges; just link your card or account.

− Cons: higher fees (1.5–4%), slightly worse rates than exchanges, and availability varies by region.

Links to NFT marketplaces, social feeds, news, and other dApps are also provided for on-the-go market research.

Portfolio

The Market tab lets you monitor the crypto market right in your wallet.

View top tokens (BTC, ETH, SOL, etc.) with live prices, volumes, and 24h changes—no need for external sites.

Categories and filters include:

Watchlist – track favorite coins in one list.
Trending – tokens gaining popularity.
Market Cap – ranked by market capitalization.
New – newly listed tokens.
Gainers – top daily gainers.
Meme – meme coins (DOGE, SHIB, PEPE, etc.) with high volatility.
DeFi/GameFi/NFT – sector-based organization for quick discovery.

dApp Browser

The built-in dApp browser connects you to various DeFi applications, extending wallet functionality.

Available apps include:

Liquidity and swaps – find the best rates.
Lending/borrowing – earn 2–8% APR depending on the asset.
Auto-farms (yield aggregators) – auto-optimize funds for maximum yield.
Staking and farming – earn native project tokens.

Advanced Settings

The wallet offers a wealth of advanced settings.

Lock now – instantly lock the app, requiring password or PIN to reopen.
Address book – manage frequently used or trusted recipient addresses.
Google Drive backup – back up wallets, settings, and asset lists to Google Drive.
OneKey Lite – manage your hardware key card for seed phrase storage.
OneKey KeyTag – configure and manage the titanium seed phrase backup tag.

Below are security settings:

Auto-lock – set an inactivity timeout (e.g., 4 hours) after which the app locks.
Change passcode – update your PIN or password.
Connected sites – manage and revoke dApp permissions.
Signature record – view history of all signed transactions (parameters, addresses, dates, amounts).
Protection – enable phishing and suspicious contract alerts.
Clear data – remove local app data (cache, dApp list, temp files, etc.).

Advanced users can also tweak:

Align primary account – choose the default account for dApp interactions.
Add custom network – input Chain ID, RPC URL, token symbol, etc.
Custom RPC – add RPC endpoints for speed, reliability, or privacy.
Account derivation path – customize HD wallet path (BIP32/44/49/84…).
Customize transaction – manually set nonce and view/edit hex data for smart contract calls.

Import and Recovery

To restore or import a wallet:

Go to the wallet menu and tap Add wallet.
Select Create or import wallet.
Choose Import wallet.
Select a recovery method (seed phrase, private key, etc.).

Recovery typically uses the seed phrase.

Watch-Only

Enable Watch-Only to monitor any public address’s activity—useful for tracking large holders.

To add a Watch-Only wallet:

Open the wallet menu in the top right.
Tap Add Wallet.
Select Create or import.
Choose Import wallet.
Select Watch-Only and enter the address.

Enter the address, name, and network. You’ll then see balances and transaction history for that address.

Cancelling or Speeding Up Transactions

Both actions are possible while a transaction is still unconfirmed.

Speeding up a transaction:

Open History.
Find the pending transaction and tap Speed Up.
Under Custom, increase the gas fee and confirm.

Wait for confirmation. Repeat if needed with a higher fee.

Cancelling a transaction:

Open History.
Find the pending transaction and tap Cancel.
Enter a fee at or above the current market rate and confirm.

Wait for cancellation. If it fails, choose Speed up cancellation and set a higher fee.

Conclusion: Should You Use It?

The wallet balances ease of use with advanced settings for experienced users.

Pros include the built-in Market tab for live price tracking and a solid Web3 browser for dApps.

Advanced users will appreciate the wealth of network, RPC, derivation path, and address-type settings.

According to Trustpilot reviews, users praise its clean, intuitive interface—ideal for newcomers.

Cons:

It’s a hot wallet with inherent online risks. If ultimate security is your priority, consider hardware wallets.

Whether to use OneKey or choose from other wallets in our comparison ranking is up to you.

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